²Ä¥|³õ <¦¿Ä_³¦> º¥ý¡A«ÜÁÂÁ¦U¦ì¨Ó°Ñ¥[³o¤@³õ¤u§@§{¡A§Ú̳o¤@Ó¤u§@§{Á|¦æ¨ì³o¤@³õ¬O²Ä¥|³õ¡Aì¨Ó¥u¥´ºâ¿ì¤T³õ¡A¥i¬O«á¨Ó¦]¬°¬°¤F°t¦X¦U¦ì¥ý¥Íªº®É¶¡¡A©Ò¥H´N©µ«á¤F¡AÅܦ¨¤³õ¡A¤µ¤Ñ¬O²Ä¥|³õ¡C¦b§ÚÌ«e¤T³õªº°Q½×¸Ì±¡AijÃD¤j·§¦³¨â¤j³¡¤À¡A²Ä¤@Ó´N¬O¦ó¬°§Ûŧ¡A²Ä¤GÓ´N¬O¦p¦ó§PÂ_§Ûŧ¡A³o¨âÓijÃD§Æ±æ¯à¹F¨ì«á±ªºµ²ªG¡G§Ú̦³¨S¦³¥i¯à¨Ó¹F¦¨¤¤¤å®Ñ¼g³W½dªº¤@¨Ç°ò¥»ªº¦u«h¡C¥Ñ©ó¦]¬°§Ûŧ¦b¬Y¨Ç¦a¤è¡A¤×¨ä¬O¤¤¤å®Ñ¼g¤è±¡A¬O«D±`¦Ç¦âªº¡A«ÜÃø§Î¦¨¦@ÃÑ¡A©Ò¥H§Ṳ́¤¤å¾Ç³NªÀ¸sªº·¾³q¬O¤£¬O·|¬Û¹ïªº«D±`«n¡C ¦¤W¦b°Ñ»PªÌ¤¤¡AªFµØ¤j¾Ç¤¤¤å¨tªº¶·¤å½«±Ð±Â¡A¥L¦³ªk«ßªº°ò¥»I´º¡A©Ò¥H¥L´N¯S§O´£¥X°ê¬ì·|§PÂ_§Ûŧªº·Ç«h¡A´£¤F¤@Ó¨Ò¤l¡A«á¨Ó°ê¬ì·|§P³oÓ¨Ò¤l¦¨¥ß¡C¦¨¥ßªº²z¥Ñ¬O¡A²Ä¤@Ó¡A¤ñ¸û«e«á³Ð§@³v¦r§Ûŧ¹p¦Pªº¥Î¦r¼Æ¶q¡A²Ä¤GÓ¡A¥L¬O§ï¼gµ{«×¦hÁÙ¬O¤Ö¡A²Ä¤TÓ¡A¥L¤Þµù¥X³B¸Ô²Óµ{«×¦p¦ó¡A¦]¬°³o¤@¬qµo¥Í¦b¤åÄmÀ˰Qªº³¡¥÷¡Aµ²ªG°ê¬ì·|ªºµªÂЬO»¡¡A¨Ã¤£¦]¬°§Ûŧªº³¡¥÷¬O¤åÄm±´°Q´N¥i¥H±Æ°£¾Ç³NÛ²zªº¾A¥Î¡C¨º»ò³oÓ¬O°ê¬ì·|¥Ø«e¬Ý±o¨ìªº¥L«ç»ò¼Ë§PÂ_§Ûŧ¡A¥i¬O³oӮפl¬°¤°»ò·|¯B¥X¤ô±¡A¬O¦]¬°³o¦ì¥ý¥Í¥L¥h¶DÄ@¡A¦pªG¥L¤£¥h¶DÄ@ªº¸Ü¡A¨ä¹ê©Ò¦³ªº½Õ¬d³£¬O¤ô±¤Uªº¡C¦]¬°¬O¤ô±¤U¡A§Y¨Ï³Q§PÂ_§Ûŧ¤F¡A©ÎªÌ¬O»¡¦³§Ûŧ¶ûºÃ¡A¥i¬O«á¨Ó¨S¦³¦¨¥ß¡A©Ò¦³ªº§PÂ_¼Ð·Ç³£¤£ª¾¹D¡A³£¬O¼Ò½kªº¡C§Ú̫ܧƱæ¹ïªì¾ÇªÌ¡A¯S§O¬O§Ú̲{¦b¬Ý¨ì«Ü¦h³ÕºÓ½×¤å¡A¯S§O¬O¤¤¤å¾Çªùªº¡A¦³«Ü¦h°ÝÃD¡A§Ú´¿¸g±H¹L¨â¥÷§Ú̾ã²zªº¤ñ¹ïµ¹¦U¦ì¡CµM«á¦A¨Ó´N¬O¥Ø«eªº¦X§@ª¬ªp¶V¨Ó¶V¦h¤F¡A¥i¬O§ÚÌ«o«Ü¤Ö¢w¢w¤¤¤å¾Çªù§¹¥þ¨S¦³´N³o¤@³¡¥÷¡A¦X§@ªºÀ³¸Ó¦p¦ó§e²{¡A´£¥X¤@Ó³W½d¢w¢w§Ú·Q³o¨Ç³£¬O¥²¶·½Íªº¡C §Ú̳̫á½Í¨ì¤@Ó«D±`¦³ª§Ä³ªº¡A´N¬O©Ò¿×ªº¡u¦Û§Ú§Ûŧ¡v¨ì©³¦s¤£¦s¦b¡A´N¬O»¡¤°»òª¬ªp¬O¦Û§Ú§Ûŧ¡A¹³ªÇ®a¹ç¥ý¥Í´N·|»{¬°¡A¥ô¦ó¾Ç³N¬ã¨s³£¬O²Ö¿n©Êªº¡A©Ò¥H¨S¦³¤°»ò¦Û§Ú§Ûŧ¡A¥i¬O¹³ÃC±X¶§ÃC¥ý¥Í¡A¥L´N·|»{¬°»¡¡A¦pªG§A¦³·Nªº¥H¦Û¤v¹L¥hªº¤@½g¤å³¹¡AµM«á¨S¦³§ï°Ê¦h¤Ö¡A¤S®³¨Ó·í§@¤¦~¤ºµÛ§@ªº¦Aµoªí¤@¦¸¡A³oÓ¬O¦³§Ûŧªº°ÝÃD¡C§Ú¦Û¤vªº¸gÅç¬O¡A¦b§Ú̾Ǯժº¤Éµ¥¼f¬d¸Ì±¡A¦³¤@¦ì¥ý¥Í¥L¤j·§¦³¤@¥b¥H¤W¸ò¥Lªº³Õ¤h½×¤å¬O¤@¼Ëªº¡A¨º³oÓcase²Ä¤@¦¸¦¨¥ß¤F¡A¥i¬O²Ä¤G¦¸¸g¹L¤ñ¸û²`¤Jªº°Q½×¥L¤S¨S¦³¦¨¥ß¤F¡A§¹¥þ¤@¼Ëªº¤@¥bªº¦r¼Æ¡A¨º³o¼Ë¤ln¤£nºâ¦Û§Ú§Ûŧ¡C¦b¤Éµ¥ªº®ÉÔ¡An¤£nª`·N³oÓ°ÝÃD¡H§Ú·Q¤j³¡¤Àªº¥ý¥Í³£¤£¬O¬G·Nn³o¼Ë°µ¡A¥i¯à¥L¤£ª¾¹D¤£¥i¥H³o¼Ë°µ¡A©Ò¥H¬O¤£¬O¦³¥i¯à¡A¦³¤@Ó°ò¥»ªº¦u«h¡A¥i¥HÅý¤j®aª¾¹D¡C ¨º»ò¡A§Æ±æ§Ú̳oÓ¤u§@§{¡A°µ§¹¥H«á¡A§ÚÌ·|Âk¯Ç¤@¨Ç°Q½×ªº²Ó¸`¡A±ø¦C¦¡ªº¡A¤j®a¤ñ¸û¦³¦@ÃѪº³¡¥÷¡A§ÚÌ·|¦A±HÁÙµ¹¦U¦ì°Ñ»Pªº¥ý¥Í¡A¤j®a¬Ý¬Ý¡A¥i¤£¥i¥H±q³o¸Ì¥h§Î¦¨¤@¨Ç¦@ÃÑ¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^½ÐùªL±Ð±Â³ø§i¡CProfessor Rollins, Please. ¡]ù ªL¡^Good morning once again. Can you hear me OK everybody? First let me apologize for not being able to present in Chinese. I regret that very much, but at this point I'm afraid I wouldn't be at all intelligible. If you've looked at the handout that Patricia gave us, you'll notice that I've changed my title slightly. The reason for this really is that I felt that using the term ¡¨Western¡¨ was a little bit too much in my title because you¡¦ll see that I am focusing on North American and Australia attitudes, much more than anything. I don't refer to anyone in Europe. So I've changed that. Also, I¡¦ve used the term "evolving" because these ideas are changing actually very rapidly. And in the United States, in both the United States and in Australia, the situation at universities over the past twenty or even thirty years has changed radically because of the incoming of many, many thousands of students from across the world and particularly Asia and the Middle East. You¡¦ll see that I¡¦m focusing for the most part on students, but I will also make some points that can be taken in the context of academic professionals other than students¡K. Is this better? Oh yes, even for me this is much better. So I am going to be focusing particularly on moral, economic, and cultural issues, and I¡¦m going to begin with a kind of summary, very quick summary, of attempts that have been made in the past to project this as a moral issue only, primarily a moral issue. So let me begin here with ¡§Especially since the establishment of the belief that ideas can be dealt with as property, . . .¡¨ I should stop right there because I often think that here in Taiwan, at least, I have found that many people think the concept of plagiarism is really old in Western society, but it isn't really very old. And there has been the idea, especially I think since the Renaissance period, that a writer might plagiarize from another writer, but it wasn¡¦t really a very serious issue. It didn¡¦t become a really serious issue, from my point of view, until the nineteenth century, and that was because of economic reasons primarily. Within the field of literature, the main problem was caused by the pirating of literary texts written by writers, particularly like Charles Dickens and Mark Twain, who realized that they were losing huge amounts of money because for instance, especially Charles Dickens who was not being paid by American publishers for his works. He made two trips to the United States in the mid-eighteen hundreds during which he complained very strongly about this, and he became part of the movement, in England actually more than in America, to create copyright laws. Mark Twain became a part of that later when he began to realize that he too was losing a great deal of money because he wasn¡¦t being paid by English pirates. So this idea of ideas as property is not really very old historically. And that's why I put that in here. So once you have the idea that ideas can be property then the idea that ideas can be stolen becomes a moral issue. And as a moral issue, although underneath that, I believe it was more an economic issue than it was ever a moral issue, especially for publishing writers, and their publishers. Of course the companies were losing money as well as the writers. Since this time, "Western academics and artists have considered plagiarism and academic integrity to be essentially moral issues. Transgressions in these areas have therefore conventionally been considered failures to observe unwritten as well as written moral codes from God and community. In recent years, however, many North American and Australian academics, artists, and others concerned with what they perceive as a worsening problem have begun to see plagiarism and academic integrity as more complex issues, focusing increasingly on concepts of self and individual as well as the process of learning." And I should add here also the coming together of divergent cultures, disparate cultures. All right, let me quickly go through some of the attempts that have been made to cast plagiarism as primarily a moral issue. In "What's Wrong with Plagiarism?" Gunnar Swanson, a graphic designer, works through a list of reasons most people think plagiarism is wrong. Now if you look at your handout, the handout you were given, you'll notice the second page is a survey. This kind of survey in which you are asked on a scale of one to ten, to determine or to indicate, what you think is the worst thing about plagiarism. So I'd like you look at that for just a few moments. And just think about the options that you're given. First of all, it's effect on the original thinker, writer, artist. In other words, if you determine that someone has plagiarized from you, how much do you feel harm to yourself? that is, do you think that is a hugely important problem? If you do then perhaps you'll give a pretty high number on number one. Number two is the effect on the plagiarizer. I think most of us don't think about that very much. If somebody plagiarizes with a tendency... and when I say "we," what I'm thinking about is Americans. We don't tend to think of him as a victim. Number three is the effect on the academic or artistic professions. Obviously for all of us in this room that's a major problem because we feel that if someone is plagiarizing, they are somehow skewing the process by which people are promoted and by which people actually make a living within our profession. So many people would put a pretty high number for that. And then you get "Other." In other words, what would you add to this list of options? I have found in talking of this, about this in the United States, that most people, and it's very unscientific of me to say this because I haven't done a scientific analysis of it, but my impression is that by far the majority of people will say there is something really wrong with the survey because the most obvious thing isn't there. It's dishonest. Plagiarism is dishonest. So this should include at least one more option in which you say it's dishonesty or it's immorality. Americans certainly, almost I'd say, have a gut reaction, a knee-jerk reaction to plagiarism of "Oh, my God, it's so immoral. It's so, well, some of you may remember the case of Joseph Biden, who was running for the presidency in 1988. He quoted a number of lines from the British politician, Neil Kinnock, some really effective materials that he just sort of appropriated in one of speeches. And he didn't say where he got it. The American media picked up on that and it totally ruined his presidential bid. He had to withdraw from the race only because of that, because he was accused of being a plagiarist. Now of course we know politicians plagiarize all over the place, so there was nothing at all unusual about that. It's just that it made him seem dishonest. And of course he defended himself by saying, "Well, gee, I thought everybody would just know that was Neil Kinnock. It never occurred to . . . It's sort of like quoting Abraham Lincoln. Everybody knows that was Abraham Lincoln." But the American people didn't accept that. "Ah, come on. You're dishonest." So he had to withdraw from the race. He's running again now, by the way, but he's trying to forget that particular incident. So, ok, this little survey that I've shown you actually comes from Gunnar Swanson. If you click on this URL I've given at the bottom of this page, you will find that this is one of first things that he included in his article. I have kind of changed it. That's why I said, well in a kind of way I've plagiarized it. It's a sort of plagiarism, but at least I've told you where I got it. That means it's ok, right? Ok, well in this article, Swanson, who is a graphic designer, he's not an academic, he makes his living doing graphic design. And this is a field in which there has been a great deal of trouble with plagiarism, a lot of accusations of plagiarism because the lines between what belongs to one individual and what belongs to another individual can be blurred very, very easily. So Mr. Swanson decided that he wanted to work through this and try to come up with some way of dealing with this issue that would help designers avoid so many accusations, especially unwarranted ones. So he began with this idea of plagiarism as a moral problem; "It's a form of theft (and therefore a transgression against God)." It's "an assault on the collective good because it involves lies and fraud." Thus it can be considered "cultural vandalism." And then he works through a very well considered logical argument and comes to this conclusion that at least for himself, that's not really the problem. It's not that it's bad, it's not that it's immoral, but he says that it's "a falsification of self." Now I like this particularly as an expression of something that I have found is happening more and more in discussions of plagiarism in America, and that is this idea that it's a problem for the plagiarist, or the individual who does the plagiarizing, maybe more than for anyone else. So let's go on a little bit more with this argument: "I'm not one who defines design as primarily self expression, but clearly there is something of the designer in the design." I think all of us would say that when we write an academic article, even though being very academic in that we're trying to keep our emotions out of it, still we are in that. It's in our style, it's in our manner of thought, so it is a form of self-expression. "That's why most designers Choose to design," he says. "For many of us, the important part is the part that is a small sample of our souls. My naivete may be showing but I don't understand the desire to falsify an affirmation of self." I think what he's talking about is the desire to project yourself to the world as someone other than who you really are. Now Brian Lande is a graduate student of sociology at the University of California, or at least he was when he wrote this. He has completed his Ph. D. now. He decided he wanted to look at this idea of plagiarism as immoral from a historical point of view and go back into philosophers and try to find ways of seeing how this idea developed. He continues Gunnard's equation of plagiarism with dishonest representation of self that results in great harm to the plagiarizer. In other words, Lande doesn't deal with it so much as an offense against other professionals or against our colleagues but as against something that is immoral because of the way it hurts the self. So much of this harm comes through the subversion of the intent and value of education by undermining the assimilation which, according to Plato and Confucius "is necessary for education and for being moral." Now I think if any of you are philosophers you're going to see that he really sort of distorts both Socrates and Confucius and particularly Confucius in his attempt to turn this into a focus on the self, but he brings up some ideas that I think have become quite common in this evolution that I think I see in attitudes toward plagiarism, what's wrong with it. So I'm just going to focus on the part that I've underlined here. Using Socrates' attitude to what is moral and what is not, he's saying that "even if the individual is not caught, by plagiarizing he is not educating himself and will graduate without a proper understanding of how to think (the greater good according to Socrates) and this, too will affect the quality and type of life he will live (immediate good causing lasting pain)." Now ordinarily I think we might say, well, the problem with this is that he might get a job teaching at a university or in a college or high school or something like this, and he'll be incompetent; therefore, other people will be hurt. But Mr. Lande is saying, ok, sure, maybe, but I think the most important thing is that he hurts himself because he keeps himself from becoming as educated and as good a thinker as he should have become if he were not a plagiarizer. In other words, the plagiarizers moral transgression is more against himself than others. Ok, well, with Confucius I think you can see that, if you read this carefully, you can see that he's really imposing a Western way of thinking on Confucius's ideas, but it would seem to be because this was the first case I found, in fact the only case I found of a Westerner using Eastern ideas in order to justify the idea of the immorality of plagiarism, and I thought you might be interested in knowing that's there. I don't want to spend too much time on it because I don't want to make my presentation too long. But essentially he's saying that plagiarism does not, is an example of not following "The Way" in Confucius, and therefore failing to be a gentleman and failing to have honor and to be diligent, to do your own work. Now, after, given the fact that for I'd say now about 200 years, almost 200 years, Westerners have been looking at plagiarism as a kind of immorality, I wanted to look for a few moments at the ways in which many Westerners, North Americans, American especially, have been thinking that we should deal with this, and especially given what many think is a proliferation of plagiarism because of the Internet. The Internet makes it so easy to just cut-and-paste things together, as I've done here, and hand it over or even send it off for publication and not give credit to the sources. Lawrence M. Hinman, Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Values Institute at the University of San Diego, in a sense you could say has kind of given up on the idea of enforcing plagiarism rules. This is a very important change in attitudes among Americans. Most Americans have felt that you very carefully check everything out and when you detect plagiarism, you confront the student or colleague with it and you make sure that they are punished, and sometimes the punishment can be quite severe. But Mr. Hinman is saying that there is so much plagiarism now that that's just not a practical approach. In other words, everybody is doing it. Especially when you look at students, and especially when you look at undergraduate students, finding that so many people are doing it, if you fail everybody who can be accused of plagiarism, you won't have a university. So he has said, ok, we need to think of plagiarism as a problem of the self. There's something going wrong with the individual self, so "If we begin with a situation in which people want to cheat, then oversight," what he means by oversight is any attempt to find plagiarism and confront it, "will always be fighting a losing battle. If we can eliminate or substantially reduce the desire to cheat, then the chances of effective oversight in the remaining cases increase dramatically. And it is the cultivation of integrity that eliminates the desire to cheat. People with integrity not only refrain from cheating, but don't want to cheat. Integrity comes from the Latin integer, the word for 'whole' as well as 'number.' People with integrity have a sense of wholeness, of who they are, that eliminates the desire to pretend--through cheating, through plagiarizing, and the like--that they are someone else." I think this takes us back to that idea of Swanson's, it's sort of like why would you want to present yourself as different than you really are. There must be something wrong with yourself if you do that, you must lack something within your own soul. So developing a stronger sense of integrity would allow that sense of wholeness to develop more fully so that individuals wouldn't even think about plagiarism. "They would not want to pass something off as their own" that isn't their own. And he came up with I thought a very nice little aphorism there: "People of integrity live up to their own ideals before they challenge others to do the same." Now notice there's an implication in there that's a little bit tricky. It goes like "How can professors be so worried about plagiarism in their students' work when they're doing it on their own?" Now later, we're going to get someone who's going to be really hard on those of us in the profession and in essence say that plagiarism, or certain forms of plagiarism, are an integral part of research. Now one of the ways, one of the most effective ways that American universities have found to deal with this among students particularly, has been to establish an honor code. I thought that I would quickly go through this because many of you may not be familiar with it, this system. Basically this is an attempt to put the onus on the students, and take it off the faculty and the administration. This is a case where we can say that the authoritarian relationship between the administration and students, professors and students changes because professors in essence are saying, "We don't have time to go through all your stuff and check to see if it has been plagiarized or not. That's for you to do. That's your job. And in fact, if one of you is successful because of plagiarism, it affects all of you. It doesn't hurt me. Now I'm your professor, and it doesn't have any effect on me, but it has a big effect on you. So we want you to be aware of how, when one of your students colleagues plagiarizes it's not stealing from us. It's stealing from you because you are in a very competitive situation, especially when you get out and are looking for a job. If one of you is falsifying credentials through plagiarism, then the rest of you are going to suffer because that person, that liar, that cheat will get the job and you won't." Well, Timothy M. Dodd, who's the Executive Director for the Center for Academic Integrity at Duke University, has listed a number of a qualities of honors programs, and I have included the ones that I feel focus on focus on this idea about the self and the individual. First of all, students in these honors programs, "student-initiated and operated," the "students have full responsibility for investigation, adjudication, and sanctioning." They are the ones who "impose a single sanction for all violations." In other words, everybody who is caught plagiarizing, who is convicted of plagiarizing is either suspended from the university or expelled. These honor codes always "include a non-toleration clause," in other words, no form of plagiarism will be tolerated, and also include the idea that if you don't plagiarize but you know somebody who does, and you do not report it, you are also guilty. This is one of the toughest things about those codes. And I remember at least one case at a university I taught at where a student who did not report a violation was expelled. He didn't plagiarize, but he knew his roommate was plagiarizing. The roommate was expelled, and he was not expelled. He was suspended, for I believe a year because he didn't report the violation. This is one of the most important elements of these codes, in fact. Again, to put the sense of responsibility on the students: "You are responsible for taking care of this, not the university." Now these codes require a kind of "pledge on all work submitted." Now ordinarily, that's just all major work, like a term-papers, and especially exams. "All students must pass an honor code test or participate in honor code education before academic work will be graded." At universities where these honor codes are taken seriously, all freshman students during orientation week are required to attend workshops on the Honor Codes. Now in the next paragraph I'm giving you a short kind of summary of my own experience at Mount Holyoke College in the late 1970's when I was teaching there. This was a bit of a shock to me. Notice how extraordinarily liberal this seems, and Mount Holyoke still does this. Students were allowed to schedule their own examinations, including finals, within a period designated by the instructor. In other words, I would say, "OK, next week is finals week. You can take your final exam anytime during that week. I don't care when it is. You simply have to give it to me by the last day of the finals period." And they could do that anywhere they wanted. They could go home, they could go to the library, they could go to France. We didn't care, as long as they got the exam in on time. The exam had to be accompanied by a signed affidavit--now notice that I use the legal term here. It was actually an affidavit that was considered a legal document in which the student signed her, in this case because all the students were female, signed her name stating that she had fulfilled all of the conditions stipulated by the instructor and listed on the affidavit. In other words, each instructor would say what you could not do. I remember in several cases, making it clear that you could not use, any notes, no books, absolutely nothing but your own brain. And you might say, "That's just incredibly naive. Of course everybody would cheat. They'd just go home and use all their notes." But I don't think they did. I really never found a situation in which I thought a student had cheated during two years. I was only there two years. But during that period, I never personally had a case where I thought students had cheated. The same procedure was used for term papers and other major assignments. Now, Dr. Dodd at Duke has done a lot of research on this and he has concluded that "Serious test cheating on campuses with honor codes is typically 1/2 to 1/2 lower than the level on campuses that do not have honor codes." That's a pretty big difference. "The level of serious cheating on written assignments is 1/4 1/3 lower at honor code schools." Now why would that be? Most proponents of honor codes say that it has to do with the sense of honor. That's why we use that term "sense of self" and what one considers the self to be. And then also of course peer pressure, because if you are caught plagiarizing in one of these schools, the loss of face is just enormous. Basically, you are persona non grata on campus. No one wants anything to do with you. So, and that's among the students. The professors basically just sort of ignore it. Let me again mention that it is not the university that expels the students. It's the students who expel the student in honor code institutions. Ok, let me go on to another issue that I think will interest you quite a lot and that I think has become very important in American and Australian institutions and has a great deal to do with the rising number of students from overseas in those universities. In "Plagiarism Rises amid Funding Cuts," Anne Susskind, who has taught at two Australian Universities, attributes the wave of plagiarism and other forms of cheating to economic factors, especially those resulting in increasing numbers of overseas students in the Australian system. "Funding cuts have forced universities to take in large numbers of fee-paying overseas students. They number about 240, 000. . . ." Actually, I think it's higher than that now. Now let's just stop for a moment, and what students is she talking about? Notice she just says, "overseas." But in Australia, in the Australian Universities which are admitting large numbers of overseas students, where do those students come from? Well, it's obvious, isn't it? They're almost all Asians. Very few European students go to Australia for an education. So she is, and in fact in other parts of the article she comes a little bit closer, she never quite says, that Asian students cheat more than Australian students do. And it sounds really racist and culturalist, and yet, and she doesn't really go very far in her thinking, but Simon Marginson decided he needed to deal with it. He was really quite upset by this idea, because he felt that she hadn't explained herself very well. This is at the University of Melbourne. He says, "Overseas students work hard, perhaps two or three times as hard as first-language speakers, on assignments," but these students often feel they are being treated unfairly. "They feel they are being asked to do the impossible in their writing assignments, and that they are punished excessively when they fail to meet the standards being set." Thus "the ease of access to the Internet and even the possibility of buying essays become tempting." In other words, he is saying, Well, I don't deny that there's a fair amount of plagiarism among the Asian students here at Melbourne, but I think there's a very good reason for that, and I think we need to address that, We need to try to understand the situation that we put them in that pushes them to plagiarism when they otherwise wouldn't necessarily do it. And he is also saying that this is not a moral issue. This is caused by the fact that these students are paying very high amounts of tuition, they've got to go home with a degree, and yet so many Australian professors are expecting them too write as well as the Australian students. And at the same time the university is not providing these students with enough services to help them raise their English level to that point. Well this kind of thing has come up in American Universities, too, quite a lot, because English departments have been developing specialized writing centers, not just for Asians, but for anyone who comes to the University and is not a native speaker of English and has not had the benefit of high school writing courses in English, and especially has not learned how to do research, has not come up through an educational system which gives students the critical thinking abilities they need in order to write what we consider an acceptable research paper. All right, now, let me get to a somewhat different part of this issue concerning economics. Gary North, who is a writer and publisher in the United States, and who has been involved in a few plagiarism cases brought mostly, by the way, by his publisher, not so much himself, because he himself has been plagiarized from a number of times, decided that he wanted to get in this issue, and try to understand what's going on with it. He came to the conclusion that plagiarism is really a relatively minor problem in most cases, but it's actually a very important concept in the regulation of the artistic and academic professions. In other words, he doesn't see plagiarism as hurting him very much, even though it has happened to him a number of times. But he sees it as a concept that Westerners have developed in order to regulate the professions and especially the academic professions. So he has come up with a theory of plagiarism, an economic theory of plagiarism, that he has entitled "Guilds and Gold." Of course "guilds" is the old, the Renaissance, Medieval term for what we now call "unions," professional unions. "Sanctions against plagiarism are part of a system of academic guild control. As with most guilds, the screening process applies mainly in the journeymen phase. Sanctions are a matter of screening. The screening process keeps the supply of future competitors low. This keeps guild members' incomes high. "The master craftsman," in other words the full professors, "member of the guild, wants to preserve his image as competent His journeymen's competence reflects this competence. If he gets deceived by a journeyman, his reputation suffers." Now I think we can all see that there's something there. If one of our colleagues is plagiarizing and getting away with it, we all end up suffering, especially if it gets into the newspapers. I've seen this in the United States in several English Departments in which people in the street, this was at the University of North Carolina, they were saying, ah, those English professors at Carolina. They're all a bunch of bums. They get paid high salaries for doing nothing but stealing each other's work. And of course it was one, just one particular case of an assistant professor who was trying to get tenure and was accused of plagiarism and apparently had plagiarized to some extent, and he hit the newspapers. "If an academic con man fools everyone in the guild for years on end, then any public admission that he fooled them badly points to the incompetence of his peers. So, big name practitioners of the art of plagiarism do not get expelled from the guild, not even informally." Wow, in other words he's saying that we get really afraid when we begin to suspect that one of our colleagues is plagiarizing. We don't want the world to know, especially if this person has been doing it for a long time, and we haven't noticed it before, or we haven't done anything about it before. In other words, plagiarism among professors reflects on all professors and institutions, bring us all down in public prestige. Therefore, we really don't want to get into it, especially publicly. Now, he goes into some very obvious comments about business men and about politicians who employ speech writers, and everybody knows. I mean can you imagine a George Bush speech written by George Bush? Ah, the very thought makes my blood run cold. We know of course that a few did, like John F. Kennedy. He did write his own speeches, but he was an exception. So everybody knows the politicians employ speech writers and take credit for the speeches themselves, but we don't care. So why is it such a big deal in academics? Because that's how you get promoted, by publishing and by building up your reputation, and if those promotions come as a result of plagiarism then it casts the whole profession into the role of plagiarists, and liars, and cheats, and so forth. Let's go down to the top a little bit "There's an old slogan in academia: 'Steal a man's idea, and it's plagiarism. Steal ten men's ideas, and it's a term paper. Steal a hundred men's ideas, and it's original research." Now the concept of the ownership of ideas is, as important as it is, I mean at what point can we say that an idea belongs to an individual, especially when ideas tend to be combinations of other ideas? I mean this becomes really complex and there has been a fair amount of writing about this in recent years and especially in my field in literary academics, and in literary theory and especially if you think about someone like Roland Barthes and the death of the author which raises this question of who owns ideas, and essentially he's suggesting that nobody own ideas and is very much against this, the whole concept of plagiarism. "When I read that someone has plagiarized another man's work, I immediately think 'uninspiring hack.' I have heard Doris Kearns Goodwin on TV several times. If she should turn out to be a plagiarist, I would not be amazed." In other words, every time you listen to somebody giving their opinions, and especially on political shows, you could say that they are all plagiarists. Because of course nobody ever really has an original idea. Then the conclusion. "Plagiarism is regarded as an offense within academic guilds. When you cheat the guild system by plagiarizing another person's work, you deserve punishment. You have kept another rule-abiding person from getting through an occupational barrier. You have prospered at his expense. Someone has been hurt. For your plagiarism to harm another person, you both must be involved in a zero-sum contest: one person's gain comes at the at the expense of another person's loss. This is a fixed-pie environment." In another words, there's only so much to go around, and not everybody can succeed. Only certain persons can succeed. "This indicates the existence of system-imposed barriers to entry to restrict supply." In other words, if everybody becomes a full professor, being a full professor doesn't mean anything anymore. So plagiarism and concepts of academic integrity are used by us to make sure everybody can't become a full professor. This is part of his idea. "In most cases, a guild's barrier to entry is enforced by the State, and you can see the MOE setting up guidelines for promotion, this kind of thing. "It's members are using State coercion to restrict the supply of future competitors in order to increase their own income. This does not place a guild on the high moral ground. Compared to the use of State power to restrict entry, plagiarism is a minor offense." And what he means is morally a kind of offense. The moral issue, he says, is not what it's really about. It's about economics and, of course, about professional prestige. Now, very quickly I want to end with a few comments on what some academics, especially in Canada and Australia have felt what they need to do concerning the cultural problems that have arisen because of, not just students, but also professors in certain cases, going into the universities in Canada and Australia with somewhat different attitudes toward the ownership of ideas. In "Academic Integrity across Cultures," Garry N. Dyck, who's the Acting Coordinator of the English Language Centre at the University of Manitoba, advocates a culturally sensitive method of dealing with plagiarism committed by "international students." Basically, he sets up a kind of double standard in which he says that if any of our Canadian students plagiarizes, we need to be really hard on them because they have no excuse. But if an international student, and by "international student" really what again what he means is Asian students either from the Far East, China, Japan, Taiwan, etc., or a Middle Eastern student, we have to take into consideration cultural issues because of, first of all, they have not been taught about plagiarism in the same way that the Canadian students have, and they may come from a culture in which the ownership of ideas is not really central at all, and they may feel that there's nothing wrong with taking the words of someone else and using them in their own piece. It's a kind of "roteness," you could say. He talks about the fact that any culture that emphasizes rote learning tends not to emphasize creative thinking and analysis of ideas in the way that Western universities do. So he says, "Let's stop using the term 'plagiarism.' Let's not say, 'You've plagiarized.' Let's say, 'Well, you haven't gone through the process the way I want you to go through the process.' Let's deal with this as a learning problem, not a moral problem. Let's help the international students learn how to go through a process of analysis and discrimination and assimilation so that they can create what we would consider an acceptable research paper much more as a Western student would. And let's get completely away from the idea that the Asian students are trying to be dishonest." He's completely convinced that the Asian students are very, very hardworking students who want to be successful, and they certainly don't want to be dishonest, but they may simply not have the academic background that helps them understand the Western attitude toward morality and plagiarism. And finally, there's a laboratory called VAIL in the United States,Virtual Academic Integrity Laboratory, another organization set up to deal with what many think is a huge proliferation of plagiarism, to try to deal with this. The point of this particular group is to "Encourage students to recognize the value of individual effort in the academic setting." Now this is something that has been done in response to the growing number of international students but also the fact of the growing number of Americans, North American and Australian students, who have also been found to be plagiarists. "Students may not be aware of the high value the academic community in our culture" of course this means Canadian culture, "places on individual effort. Attitudes toward individual work and what we call academic integrity can differ from culture to culture. In some contexts such as the corporate world, collaborative writing is the norm. Teams of people may collaborate on documents, with no particular author getting the credit other than the company or organization. This is accepted and expected. But the academic environment is competitive, and we place a high value on recognizing and honoring the work of the finest individual or team." I think in the humanities here in Taiwan we can see this actually in at least one of the NSC guidelines to publishing and instructions on how to get a grant. I think you all know that if you write an article that is extremely successful, say it's published in an absolutely top international journal, but you did it as a collaboration with one or two colleagues, that you're not going to get nearly as much credit for it as if you publish an article in a lesser journal but you're the sole author. And that, to me, that raises a very important question about the way in which we determine what the amount of credit should be for research projects, but the emphasis here is that somehow you've got to do the work yourself in order to get the credit that you need for a promotion. If Patricia doesn't mind, I'll use our situation as an example. Patricia and I have been collaborating on a number of things for a number of years now, and essentially we're doing things that neither one of us could do alone. There's no way I could do some of the things we've done if I didn't have Patricia working with me. And on the other hand, Patricia tells me that that's true for her, too. She just wouldn't be able to have produced what we've produced if I didn't help her. This is because we come from different cultures. Part of this is that she's a native speaker of Chinese, and I'm a native speaker of English. And yet we're perfectly aware that whenever we put down one of our publications, we're only going to get half credit for it. Just a second. I've got a little problem here. A group of Australian academics, and you'll notice by the names here that we've got a kind of cross-cultural group here. Timo Vuori, whom I believe is Turkish and Richard Joseph, who is Australian, and Raj Gururajan, who is from India, at Murdock University, have come up with a very interesting way of dealing with this cultural problem. Notice they've concluded that "Plagiarism is not a simple matter of rule-bound definition: culture, circumstance and changing attitudes to the management of education interact to exacerbate the scope of the issue. . . ," and they especially say that "the heavy-handed tone of moralising, emphasising cheating could actually" make the matter worse, and then they give a list of the reasons for which they think this is true. Now I want to try to cut this a little bit short because I'm afraid I'm taking too much time. So I'll simply recommend that if you're interested in this problem, and the way in which North American and Australian academics are trying to deal with the coming together of cultures here, and to deal with individual student's needs rather than dealing with it as a kind of global moral issue, then you might want to look at this list, but I am going to look at the second item for just a moment: "The labeling of plagiarism as a moral issue 'presumes that people have knowledge of what constitutes appropriate behavior but also that they are capable of acting on the basis of that knowledge' . . . . The 'moral' view interferes with seeing plagiarism as a learning problem, rather than a moral one," and that's the point that I particularly like about these evolving attitudes toward plagiarism. When I first came to Taiwan, the first year that I was teaching in my department, I was teaching a course in Advanced Composition, and I was just stunned because everybody was plagiarizing all over the place, from my point of view. Of course after awhile I realized that I was one of those people who was expecting them to do something that was impossible for them. I was expecting them to write research papers just like the ones my American students had been writing at some of the top American universities. And I began to think, Good Lord, here I was having a horrible time learning Chinese, and thinking what would happen to me if I were all of a sudden in a course in which I was expected to write anything in Chinese and get a grade for it? So I've, obviously, I've changed my attitude quite a lot. And I began to realize that I needed to change my assignments. I needed to change the way I approached this with my students. So that I could be teaching them rather than condemning them. So my conclusion is, "Problems with academic integrity and plagiarism among students are increasingly being seen by academics in North America and Australia as less concerned with morality than misconceptions about the self, culture, and the learning process. This awareness has become part of a general movement away from authoritarian relations between faculty/administration and students and toward a greater sense of self and responsibility among the latter." And I should add moral responsibility among professors to adjust their teaching and assignments to the needs of the students, not just native speakers of English but learners of English as a second language. ¡@ [The following materials were projected on-screen during the presentation.]
Evolving Attitudes toward Plagiarism and Academic Integrity¡XMoral, Economic, and Cultural Issues
J B Rollins
Especially since the establishment of the the belief that ideas can be dealt with as property, and may thus be stolen, Western academics and artists have considered plagiarism and academic integrity to be essentially moral issues. Transgressions in these areas have therefore conventionally been considered failures to observe unwritten as well as written moral codes from God and community. In recent years, however, many North American and Australian academics, artists, and others concerned with what they perceive as a worsening problem have begun to see plagiarism and academic integrity as more complex issues, focusing increasingly on concepts of self and individual as well as the process of learning. In ¡§What's Wrong With Plagiarism?¡¨ Gunnar Swanson, a graphic designer, works through a list of reasons most people think plagiarism is wrong: 1. It's a form of theft (and therefore a transgression against God). 2. It's "an assault on the collective good because it involves lies and fraud." Thus it can be considered "cultural vandalism." He concludes that, for himself at least, the worst thing about plagiarism is that it "is a falsification of self":
"I¡¦m not one who defines design as primarily self expression but clearly there is something of the designer in the design. That¡¦s why most designers choose to design. For many of us, the important part is the part that is a small sample of our souls. My naïveté may be showing but I don¡¦t understand the desire to falsify an affirmation of self." http://www.gunnarswanson.com/writingPages/Plagiarism.html In ¡§'Thou Shalt Not Steal,'¡¨ Brian Lande, a graduate student in Sociology at the University of California, Berkeley, continues Gunnarson's equation of plagiarism with dishonest misrepresentation of self that results in great harm to the plagiarizer. Much of this harm comes through the subversion of the intent and value of education by undermining the assimilation which, according to Plato and Confucius "is necessary for education and for being moral."
Socrates An individual plagiarizes, according to Socrates' reasoning, out of ignorance of what is best for him in the long run; he plagiarizes thinking he will receive a better grade on his paper as well as by saving time and face by not creating ideas of his own. While this may be true, the consequences outweigh the immediate gratification (good) in two principal ways: 1) Though saving time, when caught (as often is the case), the plagiarizer will be expelled from his class or possibly the university, thus, making his education (the greater good) suffer which will have future consequences later in his life (a case of immediate good leading to lasting pain). 2) Even if the individual is not caught, by plagiarizing he is not educating himself and will graduate without a proper understanding of how to think (the greater good according to Socrates) and this too will affect the quality and type of life he will live (immediate good causing lasting pain). Thus, if we are to pick the greater good or lesser pain, as Socrates suggests, we should, to be moral, avoid plagiarizing as it is essential to ensuring our long term happiness. The plagiarizer's moral
transgression is thus more against himself than others.
Confucius Confucius believes that to be moral one must keep the natural order. By this, Confucius means we must obey the family and social obligations (biological basis of morality), follow "The Way" (or goodness) and traditions of the ancients--the result being a gentleman. Confucius said that "He who learns but does not think is lost" (Confucius 1989, pg.91). . . . The moral individual (gentleman) must not only keep his obligations and follow tradition, but he must also commit to following "The Way"--he may either be moral or immoral--there is no middle ground. Using this understanding, we can see how plagiarism is immoral. Plagiarism primarily violates the "good faith" or trust found in "The Way", for if one plagiarizes he is being deceitful and thus immoral (the professor assigned you to create your own paper). . . . The plagiarizer also has not been "diligent" in his task (he has been assigned to create his own paper and has not been successful), thus, again violating "The Way." So, to plagiarize with the intent to deceive is to violate "The Way" -- "to see what is right and not do it is cowardice" (Confucius 1989, pg.93) and immoral.
http://www.windycreek.com/Brian/thoushaltnotsteal.html
Attempts to Deal with Plagiarism as a Moral and Ethical Issue In ¡§Cultivating Integrity to Combat Plagiarism,¡¨ Lawrence M. Hinman, Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Values Institute at the University of San Diego , also approaches plagiarism from a perspective of self: "If we begin with a situation in which people want to cheat, then oversight will always be fighting a losing battle. If we can eliminate or substantially reduce the desire to cheat, then the chances of effective oversight in the remaining cases increase dramatically. And it is the cultivation of integrity that eliminates the desire to cheat. People with integrity not only refrain from cheating, but don¡¦t want to cheat. Integrity comes from the Latin integer, the word for "whole" as well as "number." People with integrity have a sense of wholeness, of who they are, that eliminates the desire to pretend¡Xthrough cheating, through plagiarizing, and the like¡Xthat they are someone else. For them, signing their name to something signifies that it is theirs. They would not want to pass something off as their own." "People of integrity live up to their own ideals before they challenge others to do the same." http://ethics.sandiego.edu/lmh/op-ed/combat-plagiarism/index.asp ¡@
Building on the idea that plagiarism and other forms of academic dishonesty may be approached effectively by an appeal to students' sense of self, many institutions of higher learning in the United States have adopted honor codes. Timothy M. Dodd, Executive Director of the Center for Academic Integrity at Duke University, lists the following characteristics of most college/university honor codes: ¡P student initiated and operated ¡P students have full responsibility for investigation, adjudication and sanctioning ¡P impose a single sanction for all violations (suspension or expulsion) ¡P include a non-toleration clause (duty to report violations); failure of a witness to report a violation is a violation ¡P require a signed pledge on all work submitted
¡P
all
students must pass an honor code test or participate in honor code
education before academic work will be graded" At Mount Holyoke College in the late 1970's students were allowed to schedule their own examinations, including finals, within a period designated by the instructor and to complete them anywhere they wished. The exam had to be accompanied by a signed affidavit stating that the student had fulfilled all conditions stipulated by the instructor and listed on the affidavit. The same procedure was used for term papers and other major course assignments. Dr. Dodd concludes that "Serious test cheating on campuses with honor codes is typically 1/3 to 1/2 lower than the level on campuses that do not have honor codes. The level of serious cheating on written assignments is 1/4 to 1/3 lower at honor code schools."
http://www.academicintegrity.org/honor_code_101.asp ¡@
Duke University Center for Academic Integrity: http://www.academicintegrity.org/ ¡@
Plagiarism as an Economic, Linguistic, and Cultural Issue In ¡¨Plagiarism Rises amid Funding Cuts,¡¨ Anne Susskind, who has taught at two Australian universities, attributes "the wave of plagiarism and other forms of cheating" to economic factors, especially those resulting in increasing numbers of overseas students in the Australian system: "Funding cuts have forced universities to take in large numbers of fee-paying overseas students. They number about 240,000, or a quarter of the student body." "Simon Marginson, a professor at the Centre for the Study of Higher Education at the University of Melbourne, says overseas students work hard, perhaps two or three times as hard as first-language English speakers, on assignments," but these students often feel they are being treated unfairly: "They feel they are being asked to do the impossible in their writing assignments, and that they are punished excessively when they fail to meet the standards being set." Thus "the ease of access to the Internet and even the possibility of buying essays become tempting." http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/plagiarism-rises-amid-funding- cuts/2006/11/22/1163871480372.html?page=fullpage ¡§The Economics and Linguistics of Plagiarism¡¨ http://wrt-howard.syr.edu/stepaside/archives/2006/11/a_happy_develop.html ¡@
Sanctions against plagiarism are part of a system of academic guild control. As with most guilds, the screening process applies mainly in the in the journeymen phase. Sanctions are a matter of screening. The screening process keeps the supply of future competitors low. This keeps guild members' incomes high. The master craftsman, member of the guild, wants to preserve his image as competent. His journeymen's competence reflects this competence. If he gets deceived by a journeyman, his reputation suffers. If an academic con man fools everyone in the guild for years on end, then any public admission that he fooled them badly points to the incompetence of his peers. So, big-name practitioners of the art of plagiarism do not get expelled from the guild, not even informally. To do so would be a public admission that "we are easily conned." This involves calling the guild's legitimacy into question. This could affect the entire guild's income, for in almost all cases, the guild is a State-sanctioned, State-regulated cartel. In academia, the control system is accreditation, a form of licensing. If a businessman steals parts of a speech, no one cares. Why not? Because there is no State-licensed guild whose members derive their income based on the reduction of supply of businessmen. The public does not care if a businessman steals ideas. His customers care only if whatever it is that he sells works as promised. They choose not to impose negative sanctions for plagiarism. American Presidents employ speech writers. No one cares. If anyone had to listen to Presidents' very own speeches, he would feel cheated, or perhaps imposed on. Businessmen also employ speech writers. No one worries about this, either. Speech writers get paid to sell their ideas to others. No one gets hurt. Otto Scott wrote a speech for the CEO of Ashland Oil, "The Silent Majority," delivered to the Chicago Men's Club (May 23, 1968). He was paid for his work. Members of the Chicago Men's Club were not concerned that someone else wrote the man's speech. They probably would have been amazed if someone else hadn't. It was a very good speech. The journalist Jeffrey St. John saw the phrase quoted in a newspaper, and he immediately called Ashland Oil. He asked who the CEO's speech writer was. The secretary told him. St. John knew as soon as he read the phrase that no CEO had coined it. He wanted to speak with the author. He thought the man would be interesting. He was correct. There are few men more interesting than Otto Scott. Then what is the problem with plagiarism, ethically speaking? Not much. It is a minor form of deception that makes the thief look a little brighter than he really is, or, more likely, harder working than he really is. There is an old slogan in academia: "Steal a man's idea, and it's plagiarism. Steal ten men's ideas, and it's a term paper. Steal a hundred men's ideas, and it's original research." This is not far from the truth. Anyone who goes to the trouble of stealing ideas from a hundred people has to put these ideas together into a coherent whole. This is where his creativity is, not in his reading habits. This is why creative people rarely plagiarize. Their creativity would be undermined by plagiarism. When I read that someone has plagiarized another man's words, I immediately think, "uninspiring hack." I have heard Doris Kearns Goodwin on TV several times. If she should turn out to be a plagiarist, I would not be amazed.
Plagiarism is regarded as an offense within academic guilds. When you cheat a guild system by plagiarizing another person's work, you deserve punishment. You have kept another rules-abiding person from getting through an occupational barrier. You have prospered at his expense. Someone has been hurt. For your plagiarism to harm another person, you both must be involved in a zero-sum contest: one person's gain comes at the expense of another person's loss. This is a fixed-pie environment. This indicates the existence of system-imposed barriers to entry to restrict supply. In most cases, a guild's barrier to entry is enforced by the State. Its members are using State coercion to restrict the supply of future competitors in order to increase their own income. This does not place a guild on the high moral ground. Compared to the use of State power to restrict entry, plagiarism is a minor offense.
¡@ ¡§The Ethics and Economics of Plagiarism¡¨ http://www.lewrockwell.com/north/north90.html
In ¡§Academic Integrity across Cultures,¡¨ Garry N. Dyck, Acting Coordinator of the English Language Centre at the University of Manitoba, advocates a culturally sensitive method of dealing with plagiarism committed by "international students." In essence, he downplays the issue of honesty and morality to emphasize the educational process individual students should understand and complete. http://www.umanitoba.ca/uts/resources/pdf/across_cultures_Feb_04.pdf In ¡§Preventing Academic Dishonesty and Designing Assignments,¡¨ the Virtual Academic Integrity Laboratory (VAIL) advocates that educational professionals "Encourage students to recognize the value of individual effort in the academic setting. " "Students may not be aware of the high value the academic community in our culture places on individual effort. Attitudes toward individual work and what we call academic integrity can differ from culture to culture. In some contexts such as the corporate world, collaborative writing is the norm. Teams of people may collaborate on documents, with no particular author getting the credit other than the company or organization. This is accepted and expected. But the academic environment is competitive, and we place a high value on recognizing and honoring the work of the finest individual or team." (http://www.umuc.edu/distance/odell/cip/vail/faculty/designing_assignments/index.html)
In ¡§Proposing a Model to Address Issues of Plagiarism in Australian Tertiary Education,¡¨ Timo Vuori, Richard Joseph and Raj Gururajan of Murdoch University conclude that "plagiarism is not a simple matter of rule-bound definition: culture, circumstance and changing attitudes to the management of education interact to exacerbate the scope of the issue. . . . the heavy-handed tone of moralising, emphasising cheating could actually exacerbate the problem rather than contribute to its resolution¡¨ for a number of reasons: The scope for plagiarism and what counts as plagiarism varies from discipline to discipline; The labelling of plagiarism as a moral issue 'presumes that people have knowledge of what constitutes appropriate behaviour but also that they are capable of acting on the basis of that knowledge' . . . . The 'moral' view interferes with seeing plagiarism as a learning problem, rather than a moral one; Emphasis on detection methods may actually encourage students to plagiarise as they will see learning as purely acquiring knowledge rather than a broader task of mastering the skills of the discipline; Attacks on plagiarisers based on the moral aspect of plagiarism could prevent students from actually recognising that their research and study skills need improvement.¡¨ Instead of seeing plagiarism as a deliberate or accidental decision involving a moral choice, we should recognize that it is also a learning and communication problem. http://www.lsn.curtin.edu.au/tlf/tlf2004/vuori.html
Problems with academic integrity and plagiarism among students are increasingly being seen by academics and artists in North America and Australia as less concerned with morality than misconceptions about the self, culture, and the learning process. This awareness has become part of a general movement away from authoritarian relations between faculty/administration and students and toward a greater sense of self and responsibility among the latter. ¡@
North American and
Australian Attitudes toward Plagiarism and Academic Integrity¡XMoral,
Economic, and Cultural Issues Traditionally, Westerners have dealt with plagiarism and academic integrity as moral issues. Transgressions in these areas have usually been seen as failure to observe unwritten as well as written moral codes from God and community. In recent years, however, many North American and Australian academics, artists, and others concerned with what they perceive as a worsening problem, have begun to approach plagiarism and academic integrity in different ways, focusing more and more on Western concepts of self and the individual. In ¡§What's Wrong With Plagiarism?¡¨ Gunnar Swanson, a graphic designer, works through a list of reasons most people think plagiarism is wrong: 1. It's a form of theft ¡]and therefore a transgression against God¡^. 2. It's "an assault on the collective good because it involves lies and fraud." Thus it can be considered "cultural vandalism." He concludes that, for himself at least, the worst thing about plagiarism is that it "is a falsification of self": "I¡¦m not one who defines design as primarily self expression but clearly there is something of the designer in the design. That¡¦s why most designers choose to design. For many of us, the important part is the part that is a small sample of our souls. My naivete may be showing but I don¡¦t understand the desire to falsify an affirmation of self. It seems like a losing game. Not only is the act of plagiarism a negative reflection of character, but plagiarized work robs the designer/copyist of one more precious chance to reach out with the very thing we design for¡Xto connect directly with other human beings. It makes a spiritual act mechanical." http://www.gunnarswanson.com/writingPages/Plagiarism.html In ¡§'Thou Shalt Not Steal,'¡¨ Brian Lande, a graduate student in Sociology at the University of California, Berkeley, continues Gunnarson's equation of plagiarism with dishonest misrepresentation of self that results in great harm to the plagiarizer. Much of this harm comes through the subversion of the intent and value of education by undermining the assimilation which, according to Plato and Confucius "is necessary for education and for being moral." An individual plagiarizes, according to Socrates' reasoning, out of ignorance of what is best for him in the long run; he plagiarizes thinking he will receive a better grade on his paper as well as by saving time and face by not creating ideas of his own. While this may be true, the consequences outweigh the immediate gratification ¡]good¡^in two principal ways: 1¡^Though saving time, when caught ¡]as often is the case¡^, the plagiarizer will be expelled from his class or possibly the university, thus, making his education ¡]the greater good¡^suffer which will have future consequences later in his life ¡]a case of immediate good leading to lasting pain¡^. 2¡^Even if the individual is not caught, by plagiarizing he is not educating himself and will graduate without a proper understanding of how to think ¡]the greater good according to Socrates¡^and this too will affect the quality and type of life he will live ¡]immediate good causing lasting pain¡^. Thus, if we are to pick the greater good or lesser pain, as Socrates suggests, we should, to be moral, avoid plagiarizing as it is essential to ensuring our long term happiness. Another brief way to look at plagiarism as being immoral is that it doesn't conform to Socrates' "unity of virtues" thesis. If we consider plagiarism a lack of self control and wisdom, and if self control and wisdom are virtues, then the plagiarizer must lack the other virtues of which morality consists of. Thus, the individual is not being moral by plagiarizing. Confucius believes that to be moral one must keep the natural order. By this, Confucius means we must obey the family and social obligations ¡]biological basis of morality¡^, follow "The Way" ¡]or goodness¡^and traditions of the ancients--the result being a gentleman. Confucius said that "He who learns but does not think is lost" ¡]Confucius 1989, pg.91¡^. While plagiarism can come into conflict with family and social obligations as well as the traditions of the ancients, it's immorality can be most emphasized by its violation of "The Way." But, what is "The Way"/goodness? It can best be defined as courtesy ¡]reciprocity: "do not do to others what you would not like yourself" [Confucius 1989, pg.162] ¡^, breadth, good faith ¡]trust¡^, diligence ¡]ability to succeed¡^, and clemency ¡]Confucius 1989, pg.210¡^. The moral individual ¡]gentleman¡^must not only keep his obligations and follow tradition, but he must also commit to following "The Way"--he may either be moral or immoral--there is no middle ground. Using this understanding, we can know see how plagiarism is immoral. Plagiarism primarily violates the "good faith" or trust found in "The Way", for if one plagiarizes he is being deceitful and thus immoral ¡]the professor assigned you to create your own paper¡^. We can also say that it violates the courtesy found in "The Way," since by plagiarizing and violating "good faith," the plagiarizer will be scorned ¡]which the gentleman avoids and also he does not act without "good faith" unless he wants that deceit reciprocated [courtesy]¡^. The plagiarizer also has not been "diligent" in his task ¡]he has been assigned to create his own paper and has not been successful¡^, thus, again violating "The Way." So, to plagiarize with the intent to deceive is to violate "The Way" -- "to see what is right and not do it is cowardice" ¡]Confucius 1989, pg.93¡^and immoral. http://www.windycreek.com/Brian/thoushaltnotsteal.html Attempts to Deal with Plagiarism as a Moral and Ethical Issue In ¡§Cultivating Integrity to Combat Plagiarism,¡¨ Lawrence M. Hinman, Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Values Institute at the University of San Diego , also approaches plagiarism from a perspective of self: "If we begin with a situation in which people want to cheat, then oversight will always be fighting a losing battle. If we can eliminate or substantially reduce the desire to cheat, then the chances of effective oversight in the remaining cases increase dramatically. And it is the cultivation of integrity that eliminates the desire to cheat. People with integrity not only refrain from cheating, but don¡¦t want to cheat. Integrity comes from the Latin integer, the word for "whole" as well as "number." People with integrity have a sense of wholeness, of who they are, that eliminates the desire to pretend¡Xthrough cheating, through plagiarizing, and the like¡Xthat they are someone else. For them, signing their name to something signifies that it is theirs. They would not want to pass something off as their own." "People of integrity live up to their own ideals before they challenge others to do the same." http://ethics.sandiego.edu/lmh/op-ed/combat-plagiarism/index.asp Building on the idea that plagiarism and other forms of academic dishonesty may be approached effectively by an appeal to students' sense of self, many institutions of higher learning in the United States have adopted honor codes. In ¡§Honor Code 101: an Introduction to the Elements of Traditional Honor Codes, Modified Honor Codes and Academic Integrity Policies,¡¨ Timothy M. Dodd, Executive Director of the Center for Academic Integrity at Duke University, lists the following characteristics of most college/university honor codes: úK student initiated and operated úK students have full responsibility for investigation, adjudication and sanctioning úK impose a single sanction for all violations ¡]suspension or expulsion¡^ úK include a non-toleration clause ¡]duty to report violations¡^; failure of a witness to report a violation is a violation úK require a signed pledge on all work submitted úK all students must pass an honor code test or participate in honor code education before academic work will be graded" At Mount Holyoke College in the late 1970's the honor code allowed students to schedule their own examinations, including finals, within a period designated by the instructor and to complete them anywhere they wished. To be acceptable, the exam had to be accompanied by a signed affidavit stating that the student had fulfilled all conditions stipulated by the instructor and listed on the affidavit. The same procedure was used for term papers and other major course assignments. Citing Dr. Don McCabe, "the foremost voice and authority on academic integrity research," Dr. Dodd concludes that "Serious test cheating on campuses with honor codes is typically 1/3 to 1/2 lower than the level on campuses that do not have honor codes. The level of serious cheating on written assignments is 1/4 to 1/3 lower at honor code schools." http://www.academicintegrity.org/honor_code_101.asp Duke University Center for Academic Integrity: http://www.academicintegrity.org/ In ¡§Students' and Faculty's Thoughts on Honor Codes,¡¨ Lauren Sachs ¡]an undergraduate student at Millersville University¡^also cites McCabe's research on honor codes: "Between 1990 and 1995, Donald McCabe, a professor of management at Rutgers University, found through his surveys that academic honor codes reduced cheating. McCabe's surveys were of 5,000 students from 14 small-to-medium campuses with strong academic honor codes ¡]Garrison 1¡^. 57 percent of undergraduates reported they had cheated one or more times, while on most campuses the cheating level is almost at 80 percent ¡]Garrison 1¡^." Ms. Sachs uses the University of Virginia honor code as a prime example in part because it was one of the first to be instituted by a major American university ¡]1846¡^: "The set-up of the honor system at UVA, "has been completely student run" ¡]University 1¡^. When the Honor System was started, the students decided that they wanted to be measured by their own standards and not just in the classroom. The students have high standards for themselves and felt that should be shown to the community. To show this "in 1969, the Honor System was revised to cover only honor violations committed within the boundaries of Charlottesville and Albemarle County, or wherever a student represented him/herself as a student of the University of Virginia" ¡]University 1¡^. The System has been and will be changed "to reflect the opinions of the student body" ¡]University 2¡^." At UVA, she points out, students found guilty of breaking the Honor System are expelled from the university. At Duke University, guilty students are suspended for two semesters. In general," Giving students significant voice and responsibility in issues of academic integrity appears to significantly reduce cheating." http://muweb.millersville.edu/~jccomp/acadintegrity/honorcodeslms.html Plagiarism as an Economic, Linguistic, and Cultural Issue In ¡¨Plagiarism Rises amid Funding Cuts,¡¨ Anne Susskind, who has taught at two Australian universities, attributes "the wave of plagiarism and other forms of cheating" to economic factors: "Students paying high fees and frustrated with what's on offer are answering in kind, and getting away with whatever they can in a debased education system that has become centred on a race for credentials." She also sees the rise in plagiarism as a result of increasing numbers of overseas students in the Australian system: "Funding cuts have forced universities to take in large numbers of fee-paying overseas students. They number about 240,000, or a quarter of the student body." "Simon Marginson, a professor at the Centre for the Study of Higher Education at the University of Melbourne, says overseas students work hard, perhaps two or three times as hard as first-language English speakers, on assignments," but these students often feel they are being treated unfairly: "They feel they are being asked to do the impossible in their writing assignments, and that they are punished excessively when they fail to meet the standards being set." Thus "the ease of access to the Internet and even the possibility of buying essays become tempting." http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/plagiarism-rises-amid-fundingcuts/ 2006/11/22/1163871480372.html?page=fullpage ¡§The Economics and Linguistics of Plagiarism¡¨ http://wrt-howard.syr.edu/stepaside/archives/2006/11/a_happy_develop.html In ¡§Academic Integrity across Cultures,¡¨ Garry N. Dyck, Acting Coordinator of the English Language Centre at the University of Manitoba, advocates a culturally sensitive method of dealing with plagiarism committed by "international students." In essence, he downplays the issue of honesty and morality to emphasize the educational process individual students should understand and complete. http://www.umanitoba.ca/uts/resources/pdf/across_cultures_Feb_04.pdf In ¡§Preventing Academic Dishonesty and Designing Assignments,¡¨ the Virtual Academic Integrity Laboratory ¡]VAIL¡^advocates that educational professionals "Encourage students to recognize the value of individual effort in the academic setting. " "Students may not be aware of the high value the academic community in our culture places on individual effort. Attitudes toward individual work and what we call academic integrity can differ from culture to culture. In some contexts such as the corporate world, collaborative writing is the norm. Teams of people may collaborate on documents, with no particular author getting the credit other than the company or organization. This is accepted and expected. But the academic environment is competitive, and we place a high value on recognizing and honoring the work of the finest individual or team." ¡]http://www.umuc.edu/distance/odell/cip/vail/faculty/designing_assignments/index.html¡^ In ¡§Proposing a Model to Address Issues of Plagiarism in Australian Tertiary Education,¡¨ Timo Vuori, Richard Joseph and Raj Gururajan of Murdoch University conclude that "plagiarism is not a simple matter of rule-bound definition: culture, circumstance and changing attitudes to the management of education interact to exacerbate the scope of the issue." Citing R. Briggs' "Shameless" Reconceiving the Problem of Plagiarism" ¡]Australian Universities Review, 46 ¡]1¡^, 19-23¡^They also conclude that the heavy-handed tone of moralising, emphasising cheating could actually exacerbate the problem rather than contribute to its resolution. A number of reasons are put forward by Briggs and these are paraphrased below: • The scope for plagiarism and what counts as plagiarism varies from discipline to discipline; • The labelling of plagiarism as a moral issue 'presumes that people have knowledge of what constitutes appropriate behaviour but also that they are capable of acting on the basis of that knowledge' ¡]Briggs, 2003, 20¡^. The 'moral' view interferes with seeing plagiarism as a learning problem, rather than a moral one; • Emphasis on detection methods may actually encourage students to plagiarise as they will see learning as purely acquiring knowledge rather than a broader task of mastering the skills of the discipline; • Taking a view that plagiarism is a moral issue is convenient for university management as this potentially ignores the considerable unrecognised resources needed to maintain vigilance; and • Attacks on plagiarisers based the moral aspect of plagiarism could prevent students from actually recognising that their research and study skills need improvement. In short, Briggs notes that instead of seeing plagiarism as a deliberate or accidental decision involving a moral choice, the problem is also a learning and communication problem too." http://www.lsn.curtin.edu.au/tlf/tlf2004/vuori.html ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^Please allow me to have a few minutes to respond to what Professor Rollins presented. I would like to express my deep gratitude for Professor Rollins¡¦ inclusive presentation on the issue of Plagiarism. Professor Rollins, who is teaching at the Department of Foreign Literature in National Chung Cheng University. Professor Rollins and I have been collaborating together for more than ten years. He also collaborates with me on this project. Next I suggest we can develop our discussions based on Professor Rollins¡¦ presention. Why are there so many plagiarism cases? Of course, any issue not included in his presentation is also welcome. I apologize to Professor Rollins that we can not proceed with this discussion in Eglish. ¡]ù ªL¡^That¡¦s my problem. I am the one who should apologize. ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^Thank you very much. ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¹ï¤£°_¡Aè賯±Ð±Â¤ñ¸û±ß¨ì¡A§ÚÌ¥i¤£¥i¥H¤¶²Ð¤@¤U¡H ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^±z¤Ó¤Ó¬O¤£¬O©P¥®¯·¡@ ¡]§d±K¹î¡^¤£¬O¡A©P°û¯·¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^èèÅ¥Professor Rollinsªº³ø§i¡A±o¨ì¤F«Ü¦hªº±Òµo¡A¤£¹L§Úªº«ÂI¸ò¥L¤£¤@¼Ë¡CMy emphasis will be different from yours. Your presentation involves students, I will be concentrating on scholars..º¥ýn«D±`ÁÂÁ¤µ¤Ñ¦³³oÓ¾÷·|¨Ó°Ñ¥[³oÓ¤¤¤å¾Ç³N®Ñ¼gªº³W½d¤u§@§{¡A¨º³oÓ¤u§@©OÅý§Ú¦³¾÷·|³oÓ¬Ùµø¾Ç³N¡A¤¤¤å¾Ç³N¼g§@³W½dªº°ÝÃD¡C¾Ç³NÛ²z©O¡A¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡³Q»{¬°¬O¤@ӫܨãÅ骺¹ê½îªº°ÝÃD¡C¦pªG§Ų́ìinternetºô¸ô¥h¬dªº¸Ü©O¡A¤@¯ë¤j³¡¤À³£°Q½×³oÓ¹ê½îªº°ÝÃD¡A¤ñ¸û¤£¤Ó§@ì«h©Ê¸ò¤ñ¸û©Êªº«ä¦Ò¡C·íµM¦³¤@ÂI¡AÄ´¦p»¡Professor Rollinsèè´£¨ìªºinternational studentsªº°ÝÃD¢w¢w¤å¤Æªº¤ñ¸û©Êªº°ÝÃD¡A¤£¹L°ò¥»¤W¨ÓÁ¿³£§â¥L·í§@¨Æ¤@Ó¹ê½îªº°ÝÃD¡A³o¬O¤¤¥~¤]¬ÒµM¡A¨º§Ú¬°¤F¤µ¤Ñ¨Ó³oÃä¡A°Ñ¥[³oÓ¤u§@§{¡A¤@¶}©l¦Ò¼{³oÓ°ÝÃD¡A¤]¬d¤F¤@¨Ç¸ê®Æ¡Aµo²{³o¨Ç°ÝÃD¤ñ§Úì¨Ó¹w´ÁªºÁÙ½ÆÂø«Ü¦h¡A¨º¦³«Ü¦h²`¤Jȱo¦Ò¼{ªº½ÒÃD¡A¦ý¬O§Ú¥Ñ©ó¤u§@¦£¸L¡A¨S¦³®É¶¡¸Ô¬d¸Ô¦Ò¡A©Ò¥H§Ú¤µ¤Ñ¦¤W¥^¥^¦£¦£¼g¤F¤@Ó¤jºõ¡A¨ºµoµ¹¦U¦ì¡C©Ò¥H§Ú¤µ¤Ñ´N·Q¡A«ö·Ó³oÓ¤jºõÁ¿Á¿§Ú¤@¨ÇÂø·P¡A¤£¯àºâ¬O¤µ¤ÑÃD¥Ø°Q½×¡A¨º§Ú³oÓ¨ä¹ê¡A³oÓ§Úªº²Ä¤@Ó¤jºõ¡A²Ä¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡A¬O¾Ç³N³W½dªº°ò¦·N¸q¡A¨ä¹ê§Ú¬On½Í¤@¤U³oӾdzN³W½dªº«ä·Q°ò¦°ÝÃD¡C My first issue actually will be the philisophical foundation of academic integrity, which is actually a western question. I know that you don¡¦t speak English. But I did not prepare in English. ¢×will be talking about a western question in Chinese. This only refers to one to three questions. Anyway, I will turn to Chinese. §c¡A§Ú¬Ý¤@¤U®É¶¡¡A§Ú±±¨î¤@¤U§Úªº®É¶¡¡A§c¡A§Ṳ́µ¤Ñ©Ò»¡ªº¾Ç³N³W½d¡A¦¨¬°°ÝÃDªº¾Ç³N³W½d¡A³o¦è¤è¶Ç¹L¨Óªº°ÝÃD¡A°ò¥»¤W¦è¤è¶Ç¹L¨Óªº°ÝÃD¡A¨º§ÚÓ¤H°ò¥»¤W¬O¤ä«ù³oÓÅé¨tªº¡A°ò¥»¤W¤ä«ù³oÓÅé¨t¡A§Úı±o³oÓÅé¨t¦b¤£¦Pªº¤å¤Æ¤¤¦b¤£¦Pªº¾Ç³NªÀ¸scivility¤¤¥i¥H½Õ¾ã¥i¥H¬Ù«ä¥i¥H§åµû¡A¤£¹L«ÜÃø»¡¦³¥t¥~¤@®M°ò¦¦b¸Ì±¡A©Ò¥H§Ú·Q¥ý½Í¤@¤U§Ú¹ï³oÓ¡A³o¤@®M³oӾdzN³W½dªº ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¥i¤£¥i¥H®³¤@¤U³Á§J·¡A¦]¬°§ÚÌn¿ýµ¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¥i¬O³oÓ³Á§J·èè¨Ã¨S¦³Ánµ¡Aèè³oÓ¨S¦³Ánµ¡A¶â¡A¦n¡C §Ú¤µ¤Ñ·Q¸ÕµÛ²³æªºÁ¿¤@¤U³oÓ¦è¤èªº²{¦bªº¾Ç³N³W½dÛ²z¡A©Î¬O³W½dÅé¨tªº»ùȰò¦¡A³oÓ«ä·Q°ò¦¡A³oÓ¨ä¹ê¤]¬O¤ñ§Ú¹w´Áªº½ÆÂø¤@¨Ç¡A¤£¹L§Ú¤j·§Á¿§Ú²{¦bªº²z¸Ñ¡C§Ṳ́¤¤å¬OÁ¿¾Ç³N³W½d¾Ç³NÛ²z¡A¥i¬O¤j®aèèª`·N¨ìProfessor Rollinsªº³ø§i¡A¥L¬O¥Îacdemic integrity¡A¨ä¹ê¤£¬O³W½d¡A¦ý¬O³W½d¬O¸òintegrity ªº³oÓ·§©À¨Óªº¡A¥i¬Ointegrity ªº³oÓ·§©À¬O¤@Ó«Ü¥O¤H§x´bªº·§©À¡A§Y¬O¬O¦b¦è¤å·í¤¤³£¬O¤@¼Ë¡A¦Ó¥B¹L¥hª`·Nªº«Ü¤Ö¡A¯u¥¿¹ïintegrity ªº³oÓ·§©À¶i¦æ¤@Ó¤ñ¸û§å§P©Êªºõ¾Ç©Ê«ä¦Ò¡A¨ä¹ê¬O«Ü±ß¶iªº¨Æ±¡¡C©Ò¥H´«¥y¸Ü»¡§Y¨Ï¬O¦b¦è¤èªºÛ²z«ä·Q·í¤¤¡A³oÁöµM¬O¹ê»Ú¤W¦s¦b«D±`«D±`¤[¡AµM«á¤]¦³«Ü¦hÅܤơA¥i¬O¨Æ¹ê¤WÅܦ¨¤@ÓÁcl©Ê«ä¦ÒªºªF¦è©O¡A¬O«ÜªñªºªF¦è¡C¦Ó¥Bintegrityªº³oÓ¦r¬O¤£¬O¤@Ó·§©À¡AÁÙ¬O¤@¸s²§½èªºªF¦è¡A¤£¦P©ÊªºªF¦è¦ê¦b¤@°_³Q¤@Ó¡A³Q¤@¨Ç¬Û¦üªºªF¦è¦ê¦b¤@°_ÁÙ¬O¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡C¤£¹L©O¡A§Ú²{¦b¤£¯àÁ¿integrity«Ü¦hªº¤è±¡A¥u¯àÁ¿¥¦¸ò¾Ç³N³W½d¾Ç³NÛ²z¬ÛÃöªº¤@¨ÇªF¦è¡C integrityªº³oÓ·§©À¦³¤@Ó¯S©Ê¡A§Ú²{¦b¥Î^¤åÁ¿¡A¦b®yªº¦U¦ì»{¬°¾A·íªº¤¤¤å¬O¤°»ò¡C¤¤¤å¨S¦³§¹¥þ¬Û¦XªºªF¦è¡A³o¥»¨Ó´N¬OÓ¾ú¥vªº²£ª«¡Cintegrityªº³oÓÆ[©À¦³Ó«D±`©_©Çªº¦a¤è¡A¥L¥i¥H¦P®É¨Ó«ü¤H¸ò¨Æª«ªºª¬ºA¡C§ÚÌÁ¿¤@¯ëªºÛ²zµü¡A¤£¥i¯à¹À¡A§A»¡honest¸Û¹ê¡A§A«ÜÃø»¡¥u¯àÁ¿¤H¡A·í¤¤¤åÁ¿¤°»ò¡u¤£¸ÛµLª«¡v¡A³oÓ¸Û°ò¥»¤WÁÙ¬OÓ¤HªºªF¦è¡A¥i¬Ointegrity¥i¥H¦P®É«ü¤H«üª«¡C§ÚÌ»¡³oÓ¤H¦³¨S¦³integrity¡A°£¤Fintegrity¤H¥H¥~©O¡AÁÙ¦³ªF¦èªºintegrity¡AÄ´¦p»¡§ÚÌ»¡integrity of an art work¡A¤@ÓÃÀ³N§@«~ªºintegrity¡A©Î¬Oscientific integrity¡A¬ì¾Çªºintegrity¡A¦ý¬O§ÚÌ»¡¤@Ó³¥¥ÍÀô¹Òªºintegrity¡AÄ´¦p»¡integrity of a wild region¡A¤@ÓÀô¹Ò¨S¦³³Q¤H¬°¯}Ãa¡CÕÙ¡A³o«Ü©_©Ç¡Aintegrity¥i¥HÁ¿¤HÁ¿ª«¡A³o¬Oӫܨu¨£ªº¤@ÓÆ[©À¡C©Ò¥H©O¡A¨ä¹ê§Úı±o¡A¾Ç³N³W½dÛ²zªº°ò¦¡A¸òintegrityªº³oÓ¯S©Ê¦³Ãö¡A¦]¬°integrity¥i¥H¨Ó´yz¨Æª«ªºª¬ºA¡A©Ò¥Hintegrity¦³Ó¯S¦â¡A´N¬O¦³¤£¦Pª¬ºA¡A¤£¦PÃþ«¬ªºintegrity¡AÄ´¦p»¡§ÚÌ»¡¤@ÓÃÀ³N¡Ajust integrity¡A¸òacademic integrity©Î¬Oelection integrity¡]01:14:58¡^¨ä¹ê¦³«Ü¦h¤£¦Pªº·N¸q¡A¬Æ¦ÜÁ¿¨ì¤Hªºintegrity¡A¤S¤£¦P¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡©O¡A§ÚÌn¯u¥¿ÁA¸Ñ¦è¤èªº¾Ç³N³W½dªº·§©À¡A¤£¯à¤£²z¸Ñ³oÓintegrityªº·§©À¡A¨ºintegrityªº·§©À¤S¤£¯à¤£ÁA¸Ñ¨ìintegrityªº·§©À¥i¥H¦P®É¥]§t¤H¸òª«¡A¾Ç³N³W½dªº·§©À¨ä¹ê´N¸ò¾Ç³N³W½dintegrity¦³Ãö¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¬°¤°»ò§@¬ã¨sªº¤Hn¦³integrity©O¡H¬O¦]¬°¾Ç³N§@«~nintegrity ¡A¾Ç³N¬ã¨sn¦³integrity¡A©Ò¥H©O¡A¾Ç³N³W½d¡A¦pªG§Ú̱q³oÓ·§©À¦P®É¥]§t¤H¸ò¨Æª«¨Ó¥Xµoªº¸Ü©O¡A¥i¥H±o¨ì¤@Ó¤j·§ªº²z¸Ñ¡A´N¬O»¡¾Ç³N³W½dªº¯S©Ê¡A¨ä¹ê³Ì³ÌÃöÁ䪺¡A¨Ã¤£¬O¦b³W½d¾ÇªÌ¥»¤H¡A§A¤£¬O¾ÇªÌ§A¤]¥i¥H°µ¤@ӫܦnªº¤H¡A¦Ó¬On¹F¦¨¾Ç³N¤u§@ªºintegrity¡An¹F¦¨¤@ӾdzN¤u§@ªº¦X²z¥Ø¼Ð¡C³oӥؼЬO¤°»ò©O¡H¶Ç²Î¤W´N¬O¨D¯u¡C¬°¤F¨D¯u¡A§A³oÓ§@«~n¨D¯u¡A§A¤~¯à¦³integrity¡A¾ÇªÌn¹F¦¨¡u¨D¯u¡vªº¥Øªº¡A§Aªº¤u§@¥²»Ýintegrity¡C§Aªº¤H¡A¦Ü¤Ö¡A°µ¬°¤@ӾdzN¤u§@ªÌ¡A§An²Å¦X¬ÛÃöªºn¨D¡A©Ò¥H§An¦³integrity¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A³oӾdzN¤u§@ªºintegrity¡A¨ä¹ê±q¤u§@ªº©Ê½è¦Ó¨Ó¡C¨º«Ü¤jµ{«×¤W¡A·íµM§Ú¤£¤Ï¹ïèèProfessor Rollins»¡ªk¡A¸òmaterialism¦³Ãö¡A¤£¹L[³o]¥H¥~¡A¨ä¹êÁÙ¦³¤@Ó°ÝÃD´N¬O»¡¡A¾Ç³N¤u§@¦pªG¤£·Óintegrity¨Ó°µªº¸Ü¡A¥L¤£¯u¡C ¸Ü¤S»¡¦^¨Ó¤F¡A¬°¤°»ò¤µ¤Ñ³oÓ¥@¬É¤W¡A¬°¤°»ò²{¦b¾Ç³NÛ²z·|¨º»òÄY«¡H¤£ºÞ¦b¾Ç¥Í¡A¦b³oӾǪ̨¤W¡A°£¤FÄ´¦p»¡¡A°ê»Ú¶¡¤å¤Æ¤£¦Pªº¥æ¬y±µÄ²¥H¥~¡A¼Ð·Çªº²V²c¡AÁÙ¦³ºô¸ôªº¤è«K¡A§Ûŧªº®e©ö¥H¥~¡A¨ä¹êÁÙ¦³¤@Ó¦]¯À¡A´N¬O¾Ç³N¤u§@©Ê½èªºÅܤơC§Y¨Ï¦b¤T¡B¥|¤Q¦~«e¡A¾Ç³N¤u§@ªº©Ê½è¸òÃÀ³N«Ü±µªñ¡A¬O¬°¤F³ß¦n¦Ó°µ¡A¬O¬°¤F¨D¯u¦Ó°µ¡A²{¦b¾Ç³N¤u§@¤j¤jªº§Q¯q¤Æ¡A¸òª÷¿ú¡A¸ò¤Éµ¥¡A¸ò¦a¦ì¡A¸ò¨Æ·~¦³Ãö¡F¤H¬°¤F¨Æ·~¡A¬°¤Fª÷¿ú¡A¬°¤F¤Éµ¥¡A¬°¤F±o¨ì¬ã¨s°òª÷¡A¸ò¨D¯uÃö«Y¤£¬O¨º»òªñ¤F¡C³oÓ±¡ªp¡A³oөʽè°_¤FÅܤƥH«á©O¡A³oÓintegrity³y¦¨«Ü¤jªº°ÝÃD¤F¡A¬Æ¦Ü¬°¤F±o¿Õ¨©º¸¼ú¡AÁú°êªºº~«°¤j¾Ç¡Bºº¸¤j¾ÇªºÃ~Âå¾ÇªÌ¡e³y°²¡f¡C©Ò¥H¡A³oÓ¥Dn¸ò¾Ç³N¤u§@ªº©Ê½è¡A°_¤FÅܤƦ³Ãö¡C§Úı±o³o³y¦¨¸òintegrityªº¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡A»¡©ú¤Fintegrityªº°ÝÃD¡C integrity³oÓ·§©Àªº°ò¥»¬Ýªk¥H¥~©O¡A²{¦b´NnÂ÷¶}¾Ç³N¤u§@ªºintegrity¡A¨ì¾ÇªÌªºintegrity¡C¤£¹L§Úªº«e´£¬O»¡¡A¬°¤°»ò¬ã¨sªÌ¡B¾ÇªÌnintegrity¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W³oÓ©M¾Ç³N¤u§@¦³Ãö¡A´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡AÃÀ³N®a¤]¬O¤@¼Ë¡AÃÀ³N®a¬°¤°»ònintegrity¡A¸òÃÀ³N§@«~ªº©Ê½è¦³Ãö¡A¤ñ¦p»¡ÃÀ³N§@«~ÃÀ³N®aªºintegrity¡A¤@ÓÃÀ³N§@«~¦³«Ü«nªº¯S¦â¡A´N¬O¤£n´A«U¡A¤£n¸ò¥«³õ¨«¡A¦]¬°§A¸òµÛ¥«³õ¨«¡A¸òµÛ§A·QÆ[²³·QÅ¥¤°»òªº®ÉÔ©O¡A§A´N·|§ïÅܤFÃÀ³Nªºì²z¡B°]´I¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A§@«~¤u§@ªº©Ê½è¡A¼vÅT¨ìintegrityªº¼Ð·Ç¡A³oӼзǦb¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¤¤¨Ã¤£¤Ó«n¡A¦]¬°¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¥»¨Ó´Nn·sªºµo²{¡B¨£¸Ñ¡B¨D¯u¡A¨S¦³¤°»ò°ÝÃD¡C §Ú²{¦b´NÂ÷¶}³oӾdzN¤u§@integrity¡A¨ÓÁ¿¬ã¨sªÌintegrityªº°ÝÃD¡C§Úı±ointegrity³oÓ¦r©O¡A½Í¨ì¤Hªº¸Ü¡A½Í¨ì¾ÇªÌªº¸Ü¡A¤¤¤å¤ñ¸û¦nªºÂ½Ä¶§Úı±o¬O¸Û¥¿¡K¡K¸Û¥¿¡A¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡¬O¸Û«H¡A§Ú²{¦bÁ¿ªº´N¬O»¡¡A§Ú¥u½Í°µ¬°¤Hªºintegrity½Ķ¡A¨º°µ¬°¨Æª«¡Bª¬ºAªºintegrity¡A½Ķ¤]¤£¯à³o¼Ë½Ķ¡A§A«ÜÃø»¡¤@ÓÃÀ³N§@«~ªº¸Û¥¿¡A¦n¹³¤£¬O¨º»ò³q¡A©Ò¥H¥ý¤£ºÞ³oÓªF¦è¡C§Úı±o¸Û¥¿¤ñ¸û¦n¡A¨ºÂ½Ä¶Â½¦¨¸Û¥¿ªº¸Ü©O¡A¤£ºÞ«ç»ò½¡A¤@©w¦³¸Û³oÓ¦r¡A¦]¬°integrity¸Ì±¡A³Ì¥Dnªº·§©À´N¬O¸Û¹ê¡A³o¤@ÂIèè Rollins±Ð±ÂÁ¿¤F¡A¸Û¹ê¬O¤@©wªº¡AÁÙ¦³¨ä¥L¨º¤@±©O¡I§Úı±o´N¬O½¦¨¥¿¥i¯à¬O¤ñ¸û¦n¤@ÂI¡A§Ú§â³oÓ¤Hªº¡A¥]¬A¾ÇªÌªºintegrity¦b¨º¸Ì¡A½¦¨¸Û¥¿¡A§Æ±æ¯à°÷ªí¹F¥X¡A¬ã¨sªÌ¤Hªºintegrity¥]§t¨âÓ±¡A¤@±¬O¹ï¦Û¤v¡A¤£´Û¡A¦Û¤v¬Û«Hªº¸Ü¤~»¡¡A§Aªº³oÓ¬ã¨sµ²ªG¡A§Anªí¹F¥X¨Óªºµ²ªG¡A¤£¬O³z¹L¥¿·íªºµ{§Ç¨ú±oªº¡A³oÓ¦Û¤vª¾¹D¡A¦]¬°«Ü¦h¬ã¨s¬O¦b¨p¤Hªº³õ°ì¡A©Î¬O¦b¤@Ó§O¤H¤£ª¾¹Dªº³õ°ì±¡ªp¤§¤U¶i¦æªº¡A§O¤H§¹¥þª¾¹D¤£®e©ö¡A©Ò¥Hn¤£´Û¡An¸Û¡F¥t¥~²Ä¤GÂI´N¬O»¡©O¡Aintegrityªº·§©À¤£§¹¥þ¬O¨p¤HªºÆ[©À¡A¥LÁÙ¦³¤@Ó¹ïªÀ·|¡B¹ïªÀ¸sªº¤@Ó³d¥ôªºÆ[©À¡A¦]¬°¬°¤F«O«ù¾Ç³N¤u§@ªº¦X²z©Ê¡A¬°¤F«O«ù¾Ç³N¤u§@ªº¤@ºØ«H¿àªºµ{«×¡A¦³¤@¨Ç«ÈÆ[ªº³W«hn¿í¦u¡A«ÈÆ[ªº¨Æ±¡n°µ¡A³o¨Ç³W«h¬O¤°»ò¡A³o¨Çn¨D¬O¤°»ò©O¡H¤£¦Pªº®É¥N¡A¤£¦Pªº»â°ì¡A¤£¦PªºªÀ·|¡A¤£¦Pªº¾Ç¬ì¡A¥i¯à¦³¤£¦Pªºn¨D¡A¤£¹L¦³¨Ç«ÈÆ[ªºªF¦è¡A©Ò¥H©O¡A³oÓn¥¿¡C«H§Ú´Nı±o¤£¤j¹ï¡A¦]¬°«H¥Dn¬O¤H¸ò¤H¤§¶¡ªºªF¦è¡A¨º¥¿ªº¸Ü´N¬O»¡¡A°µ¨Æªº¤èªk¡A°µ¨ÆªºªF¦è¡A©Ò¥H³oÓintegrity©O¡A°µ¬°¤Hªºintegrity¡A°ò¥»¤W§Úı±o§Ú¬O§â¥L½¸Û¡A¨Ó»¡©ú¥Lªº¨â±¡A¥Lªº¤@Ó´N¬O»¡¡A³oÓ¤Hªº¤@±¡A¤@Ó¬OªÀ·|ªº¤@±¡A§Ú³o¨ÇÃö©óintegrityªº¸ÑĶ¡A¦b«Ü¥^¦£ªº±¡ªp¤§¤U¡A¬d¤F³o¨Ç°ò¥»ªº¤åÄm¡A´£¥X¨Ó¡A¨Ã¤£¬O§ÚÓ¤H´N¥X¨Ó¡A¤£¹L§Úºî¦X¤F¤@¤U¡A¦]¬°¦b°µ²`¤J°Q½×ªº®ÉÔ¡A·íµM³£·|²`¤J°Q½×¤@¡B¨â±¡A·íµMintegrityÁÙ¦³«Ü¦h¨ä¥L¤è±¡A§Ú¬O®Ú¾Ú§Ṳ́µ¤Ñ©ÒnÁ¿ªº¾Ç³NÛ²z¡A¨Ó½Í³oÓ°ÝÃD¡C µM«á¡A¦A¨ÓÁ¿¤@¤UÃö©ó³oӾdzN¸Û¥¿ªº¤jÅ餺®e¡A§Úè¦nµo²{¦³¤@¥»®Ñ¡C¡e¦³Ó¡fOklahoma [Kingfisher College] ¤j¾Ç±Ð±ÂLinda¡@Zagzebski¡A¥L¼g¤F¤@¥»®Ñ¡A´N½Í¤@ӾdzN¸Û¥¿ªº°ÝÃD¡A§Ú©ñ¦b§Úªº³oÓ¤jºõ¸Ì±¡A³o¥»®Ñ¥s°µVirtures of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature Virture in the Ethical Foundation of the Knowledge ¡]Cambrige: Cambrige University Press, 1996 ¡^¡C³o¦ì±Ð±Â§Úª`·N¨ì¥L³oÓ1996¦~¼C¾ô¤j¾Ç¥Xª©ªº®Ñ¡A«á¨Ó«e¦~«e¤S½s¤F¤@¥»®Ñ¡A¤]Ãö©ó³oӾdzN¸Û¥¿¡C¾ãÓ¨Ó»¡¬O¤@Óª¾©Ê¤u§@ªºÛ²zªº°ÝÃD¡A±Mªù°Q½×³oÓì«h©Êªº«Ü¤Ö¡A·íµM³ointegrity¡A¦ý¾ãӽ͡A³æ¿W§â³oӾdzNÁÙ¬Oª¾©ÊÛ²z¤ÀÂ÷¥X¨Ó¡A°µ²`¤Jì«h©Ê¬Æ¦Üõ¾Ç©Ê°Q½×ªº«D±`¤Ö¡A¥L¬O¤@Ó¯S§Oªº¤H¡A©Ò¥H§Ú§â³oÓ®ø®§©ñ¦b³o¸Ì¡A¦³¿³½ìªº¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò¡C·íµM¥L¼gªº¤ñ¸û¯S§O³oÓ²Ó¤@ÂI¡A¦b³o¥»®Ñ¸Ì±¡AÁ|¨Ò¨ÓÁ¿¡A¨ì©³¾Ç³N¸Û¥¿¡A¨º¨Ç¤º®e¡A¨º¨Ç¼w¥Ø¨º¨Çvirtures¡A¥i¥Hºâ¬O¾Ç³N¸Û¥¿¤º®e¡A§Ú©Àµ¹¦U¦ìÅ¥¤@¤U¡A³o´N¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¾Ç³NÛ²zªº¯S©Ê¡A¥L¤£¥u¬OÓt±¡A¤£¬O¤@Ó®ø·¥ªºªF¦è¡A¤£¬On¨¾¤j®a§@¹ú¡A¦Ó¬O»¡§A¦³³o¨Çvirturesªº¸Ü¡A¥i¥HÀ°§U§A¥¿±ªº¥h¹F¦¨¾Ç³N¤u§@¡A¬ã¨s¤u§@ªº¤@Ó¿n·¥ªº¦¨ªG¡A´N¬Oµo²{·sªF¦è¡Aª¾¹D§Ṳ́£ª¾¹DªºªF¦è¦³¯q©ó³oÓªÀ·|¡A¥L¬O¦³³o¼Ëªº¥Øªº¦b¨ºÓ¦a¤è¡A©Ò¥H¤£§¹¥þ¬Ot±©Êªº¡C²Ä¤@Ó¸Û¹ê¡A³o¬O¤@©wªº¡C¸Û¹êhonesty¡C²Ä¤GÓ©O¡A«i®ð¡K¡K¡A«i®ð«Ü«n¡A¦]¬°§O¤H³£¤£¬O³o¼Ë¬Ýªk¡A¨º§A¦pªG¬O³o¼Ë¬Ýªº¸Ü©O¡A§A«ç»ò¼Ë¡H§A¤£¯à°÷©}±q©ó§O¤Hªº·N¨£¡A¸ò¤H®a·N¨£¤£¦Pªº®ÉÔ¡A¦³®ÉÔ»ÝnÅG½×«i®ð¡Cn¤½¥¡A¦]¬°¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¬OÓªÀ¸sªº¤u§@¡A¨S¦³³æ¿Wªº¤H¡A¯à°÷¦Û¥ß¡A°µ¥X¤@ӫܬð¯}©Êªºµo²{¡A¦h¤Ö³£¬O¦³¯q©ó§O¤H¡A³£¨ü¯q©ó§O¤H¡C©Ò¥H§An¤½¥¡A§O¤H°^Äm§AnÁ¿¡A³o¼Ë¤~¯à¦³®Ä·¾³q¡AÅý¤j®a¤~¯à¦bª¾ÃÑ¡BªÀ¸sªº¤¬°Ê·í¤¤¡A¨ú±o¶i¨B¡Afairness¡CSensitivity¡Cn±Ó·P¡A³oÓ¹ï¤H¤åªÀ·|¬ã¨s¬O¯S§O¦p¦¹¡A§An¬O¨S¦³¤F¸Ñ¥L¾ãÓªº¯à¤O¡A¨º¤H¤åªÀ·|§A´N®Ú¥»¤£¤Ó¥i¯à¡C·íµM¡A¬ã¨s©øÂΧr¡A¬ã¨sª«²z¨Æ·~´N¤ñ¸û¤£¬O¨ºÓ«n¡CPerceptiveness¡AnÁ¾µê¡A¦]¬°§A¤£Á¾µêªº¸Ü¡A¦Û¥H¬°¬Oªº¸Ü¡AÅܦ¨¤@ӱбø¥D¸qªÌ¡A¨ºª¾ÃѤ£¥i¯à¤u§@¡A¤£¥i¯à®i¶}¡C¤j®a¬Ý¨ì¡A¦³¤@Óª¾Ãѩҿתº¾Ç³N¸Û¥¿¡B¾Ç³NÛ²zªº¼w¦æ¦³¤@Ó¯S¦â¡A©¼¦¹¸g±`¬O½Ä¬ðªº¡A¤ñ¦p»¡«i®ð©MÁ¾¨õ¬O½Ä¬ðªº¡A©Ò¥H³on¹F¦¨¤@Ó¥¿Å¡A¤@Ó¤¤±e¤§¹D¡A§A¤£¯à¤Ó¨S¦³«i®ð¡A¥i¤]¤£¯à¤Ó¦³«i®ð¡A¦º³£¤£ºÞ§O¤H¡F§AnÁ¾µê¡A´N¸ò¤û¹yÁ¿¬ã¨s¤u§@¡B¾Ç³N¨Æ·~¡A¦n¹³¤@Ó¤p«Ä¤l¡A¦b®üÃä¾ß¥ÛÀY¡B¾ß¨©´ß¤@¼Ë¡A´N¬O¦b±Ôz¤@Ó«D±`´ù¤pªº¨Æ±¡¡A¬O¤@ӾdzNªÀ¸sªº¨Æ±¡¡Cn¦³@¤O¡An¦³«í¤ß¡A¬OÓ©t±Iªº¨Æ±¡¡A¾Ä°«ªº¨Æ±¡¡Acommunicative¡An¯à°÷¸ò¤H®a·¾³q¡A¦Û¤v¬O«Ü¦³ªºªF¦è¡A¤£ºÞ¦A«ç»ò¼F®`¡A«ç»ò¼Ë¥R¤À¥h¤F¸Ñ§O¤Hªº¦¨ªG¡A§Q¥Î§O¤Hªº¦¨ªG¡A¦b¸ò§O¤H·¾³q·í¤¤©O¡A¦Û§Ú§å§P¡A¨ú±o¶i¨Bµ¥µ¥¤§Ãþªº¡C ¨ä¹ê³o¯u¥¿nÁ¿¾Ç³NÛ²zªº¸Ü¡A§ÚÌ¥ý¤£±qt±¨Ó¬Ý¡A¾Ç³NÛ²z¡B¾Ç³N¼w©Ê¡A«Ü¦h¥¿±ªºªF¦è¡A¬OÅý§ÚÌ¿n·¥¨D¨ú¶i¨BªºªF¦è¡C©Ò¥H©O¡A¥H¤W©O¡A´N¬O§Ú¥Î«D±`§Ö³tªº¤@Ó¬d¹ïªº¤u§@¡A¹ï©ó¨ì©³¾Ç³NÛ²z¡B¾Ç³N³W½dªº«ä·Q¡A³o¤@®M¦è¤èªº«ä·Q°ò¦¬O¤°»ò¡A§Ú´£¥X»¡©ú¡C¨ä¹ê¦b¦è¤è¡A¬°ªº¬O¤@ӫܯS®íªº¤@Ó¼w¥Ø¡C ¶Ç²Î¤W©O¡A¤@¯ëª½Ä±¤W±`ÃѤW³£¬O¸ò¸Û¹ê¬Û³s¦b¤@°_¡A¦pªG¯uªº¡A§Ṵ́µ¤@Ó©v±Ðªº¸Û«H¡B¸Û¹êÆ[©À¡A¬O´¶¹M´²§G¦b¾ãӤ夯·í¤¤ªº¡A¥iÄY®æÀˬdªº¸Ü¡A¨ä¹êµo²{¤£ºÞ¬OintegrityªºÆ[©À¡A©ÎªÌ¬O¾Ç³N¸Û¥¿ªºÆ[©À¡A¥L¦³«D±`¿W¯Sªº¯S©Ê¡A¥L¥i¥H¸òÃÀ³Nªºintegrity¹ï·Ó¨Ó¬Ý¡C¦Ó¤£¬Û¦Pªº¡A¥L¸òÓ¤Hªº¤@Ó¤H®æªºintegrity¡A¤S¦³¤£¦P¡C¤H®æªºintegrity¬O¤£¯A¤Î¯S®í¬¡°Ê¡A¯S®í©Ê½èªº¬¡°Ê¡A¤ñ¦p»¡¾Ç³N¬¡°Ê¡A¤HÁÙ¬O¦³integrityªº°ÝÃD¡C ¥H¤W©O¡A´N¬O§Ú³]ªkµy·LɳoÓ¾÷·|¡A¨ì©³§Ú̳oÓ²{¥Nªº¡A·½©ó¦è¤èªº¾Ç³N³W½dªº¨ºÓ»ùȰò¦¬O¤°»ò¡C³o¬O§Úªº²Ä¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡C ¨º¬JµM¾Ç³N³W½d¸ò§ÚèèÁ¿ªº¡A¬JµM¾Ç³Nªº¸Û¥¿¡B¾Ç³NÛ²z¡A¸òª¾ÃÑÆ[¦³Ãö¡A¤ñ¦p»¡¨D¯u§rµ¥µ¥¤§Ãþ¡A³oÓ¸ò¹ï¾Ç³N¤u§@ªº¬Ý·Q¦³Ãö¡C¦]¬°integrity¡A¾Ç³NÆ[©À¤£§¹¥þ¬O¸ò¤Hªº°ÝÃD¡AÁÙ¬O¸òª«ªº°ÝÃD¡A¸ò¨Æª«ªº°ÝÃD¡A§Ṳ́µ¤ÑÁ¿ªº¾Ç³N³W½d¡A¨ä¹ê¬O«ü±q²{¦b¦è¤èµo®i¥X¨Óªº¾Ç³N¤u§@¡C¾¨ºÞ¥L¦³«Üªøªº²W·½¡A¨º¦ÛµM´N¦³¤å¤Æ®t²§ªº°ÝÃD¡C¤ñ¦p»¡ªF¨È¡A©Î¬OµØ¤H¡A¤¤°ê¶Ç²Îªº¾Ç³N¤u§@¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¸ò¦è¤è¾Ç³N¤u§@¦³¬Û·í¤jªº¶ZÂ÷¡A³o¸Ì¦ÛµM´N¦³¤å¤Æ®t²§ªº°ÝÃD¡Aèè½Í¨ì«Ü¦h³oӤ夯®t²§ªº²{¶H¡A³oӤ夯®t²§ªº²{¶H¦³ªº¬O¸ò¾Ç³N¶Ç²ÎµLÃöªºªF¦è¡A¨º§Ú´N¤µ¤Ñ¥ý¤£½Í³oÓ°ÝÃD¡A¤£¹L³oÓªº½T¬O¤Þ°_¦è¤èª`·Nªº°ÝÃD¡A§Ú¦b´¶¨½´µ¹y¤j¾Çªº«ü¤Þ¤¤¡A¯S§O¬Ý¨ì¥LÌ«ü¥X¤å¤Æ®t²§ªº²{¶H¡C¤ñ¤è»¡ªF¨Èªº¾Ç¥Í¡A²ßºDcopyªF¦è¡A¤£Ä±±o¬O¿ùªº¡F¤£¹L¥L¤]«ü¥X¨Ó¡A¤µ¤Ñ¦b¦è¤èªº¤å¤Æ¶Ç²Î·í¤¤¡Aªk°ê¤H¤ñ¸û¤£Á׿ÐI»w¡A§âI»wªºªF¦è¾ãÅé§e²{¥X¨Ó¡C¥L¯S§O´£ªk°ê¥i¯à¬°¤F¥¿Å¡AÁ×§K¦b¾Ç³N³W½d«ü¤Þ¤¤¡A³y¦¨³oºØ¹ïªF¨Èªºª[µø·N¨ý¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡AªF¨È¾Ç¥ÍÄvª§¤O«Ü±jªº¡A¥Lªº¼Æ²z¯à¤O§rµ¥µ¥¡A¬O«Ü±jªº¡A¥i¬O¶i¤J¤j¾Ç«á¡Aªº½T¦³³\¦h°ÝÃD¡C §Ú¤µ¤Ñ¤£½Í¤ñ¸û¡A°ò¥»¤W¤£½Í¤@ӫܰò¥»¤å¤Æªº°ÝÃD¡A§ÚÁ¿¤@ӾdzN¶Ç²Îªº°ÝÃD¡A´N¬O»¡¤¤°ê¾Ç³N¶Ç²Î¦³¤@Ó¯S©Ê¡A§Ú§â¥LºÙ¬°¤@Ó½sÄ¡ªº¯S©Ê¡C¨ä¹ê¾Ç³N¤u§@¨Ã¤£¬O§¹¥þ¨º»ò¤@Ó¤H¤H³£¬O¤p¤W«Ò¤@¼Ë³Ð§@¡C¨º»ò¡A¦è¤è¬°¤°»ò·|¯S§OÁ¿´Nì³Ð©Ê¡AÓ¤Hªº³Ð³y©Ê¡A¤£n¸ò§O¤H¤@¼Ë¡Aintellectual ownshipªº°ÝÃD¡A¦n¹³ª¾ÃѬO¦³©ÒÄݪº¡A§Aªº¡B§Úªº¡B¥Lªº¡A§A¬O¸U¤À¤§¤@¡A§Ú¸U¤À¤§¤T¡A¤j®a¸I¨ì³o¸U¤À¤§¤@ªº®ÉÔ¡A´N¤£¯à½Í§O¤H¡An§âcommon knowledge©Muncommon kowledge¡e¤H»P§Ú¡f¤À¶}¨Ó¡A³o±q³Ì²`¨èªºµ{«×¨ÓÁ¿¡A¥i¥H»¡¬O¸ò¤@ӧΦ¡¤WªºÓ¤H¥D¸q¦³Ãö¡A§Ṳ́£nÁ¿¡K¡K¨CÓ¤H³£¬O¤@Ó¤p¤W«Ò¤@¼Ë¡A¤Hªºimage´N¬O¤W«Òªºimage¡A´N¬Oӳгyª«¤@¼Ë¡A§Ṳ́£n½Í¨ì¨º»ò²`ªº¼h¦¸¡A¥ú¥úÁ¿¨ãÅ骺¾Ç³N¶Ç²Î¡A¤¤°êªº¾Ç³N¶Ç²Î´N¦³¤@Ó½sÄ¡ªº¯S©Ê¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡©O¡A¾Ç³N¤u§@«Ü¤jªº¦¨¥÷¡A¬O§â¬J¦³ªº¸ê®Æ¡A§â¥L«·s¦w±Æ¡A¾Ç³Nªº¦nÃa±`±`¬O¦w±Æªº²´¥ú¡B½sÄ¡ªº²´¥ú¡CÁ|¨Ò¨ÓÁ¿¡A§Ú©À¾ú¥vªº¡A§ù¦öªº¡m³q¨å¡n¬O¤¤°êªº¾ú¥v¶Ç²Î¤¤¤@Ó¸g¨åªºµÛ§@¡A¡m³q¨å¡n³£¬O§ÛªºªF¦è§r¡A¥i¬O¥L¬°¤°»ò¬O¸g¨å©O¡A¦Ó¬O¥L¦³¨ºÓ²´¥ú¡A¥L°µ¥X«ç»ò¼Ëªº¥Ø¿ý¡A«ç»ò¼Ëªºµ²ºc¡A®³¥X«ç»ò¼Ëªº°ÝÃD¡A«ç»ò¼Ëªº¦w±Æ¡A¤£ºÞ´N²{¦b¸ò¹L¥hªºÆ[·P¨Ó¬Ý¡A³£¤£¯à»¡¬O¡A¨S¦³¸Û¥¿ªº°ÝÃD¡C¦]¬°§ÚèèÁ¿¹L¡A¾Ç³N¸Û¥¿¸ò¾Ç³N¤u§@ªº©Ê½è¦³Ãö¡A¦pªG¦b¤£¦P¶Ç²Î·í¤¤¡A¾Ç³N¤u§@»{ÃѤ£¦Pªº¸Ü¡A¨º¦ÛµM´N¨S¦³integrityªº°ÝÃD¡A¦]¬°¥L¤£¬O¦]¬°¾Ç³N¸Û¥¿¡A¤£¬O¦]¬°¤ÀÂ÷¡A¤£¬O¸ò¾Ç³N¤u§@§¹¥þÂ÷¶}ªºªF¦è¡A©Ò¥H°µ¥X¨Ó¦³¤@Ó½sÄ¡ªº¯S©Ê¡C¤£¦ý¸ê®Æ¤åÄm¬O½sÄ¡ªº¡A³s±Ôz³£¬O½sÄ¡ªº¡C±Ôz¤°»òªF¦è±`±`³£¤£°Ê¡A©Î¬O°Ê¤@¨Ç¤p¤pªºªF¦è¡A¬Æ¦Ü»{¬°¤£°Ê¤ñ¸û¦n¡A¦]¬°°Êªº¸Ü¥¢¯u¡C¥¢¯u¢w¢w¬Æ¦Ü¦³³o¼Ëªº·Qªk¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¦³¤@Ó¤ñ¸û±j¦Óz¦Ó¤£§@ªº¶Ç²Î¡C¤£¹L¸Ü¤S»¡¦^¨Ó¤F¡A³oÓ½sÄ¡ªº¯S©Ê©O¡A§Y¨Ï¦b¤¤°ê¾Ç³N¶Ç²Î¤¤¡A³£¤£¨£±o¬O¤@©w»{¬°¬O¦nªºªF¦è¡A¤]¦³¤H»{¬°¬O¤£¦nªºªF¦è¡A¬O³Ì§C¼h¦¸ªºªF¦è¡A¦³¦Wªº©O´N¬O³¹¾Ç¸Ûªº»¡ªk¡C³¹¾Ç¸Û»¡¾ú¥v¾Çªº¬ã¨s·í¤¤¡A¹ê»Ú¾Ç³N¤¤¦³¤TºØ¾Ç³N¡A¤@Ó¥s¥vÄ¡¡A½sÄ¡©Ê¥v¾Ç¡F¤@Ó¥s¥v¦Ò¡A¦Òµý©Ê¥v¾Ç¡F²Ä¤TÓ¥s¥v¾Ç¡C¨º³Ì§C¼h¦¸´N¬O¥vÄ¡¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¨Ó¡A¦³¨Ç¤H®Ú¥»»{¬°½sÄ¡©Ê¬O¤£¦nªº¡B¬OÃaªº¡B¬O§C¼h¦¸ªº¡AÀ³¸Ó¸õ²æ¥X¨ÓªºªF¦è¡A¥v¾Ç³Ì°ª¡A°ª©ó¥v¦Òµ¥µ¥¤§Ãþªº¡C ¤µ¤Ñ§Ú̬ݳoӾdzN½sÄ¡¡B¾Ç³NÛ²zªº°ÝÃD¡A¦b¦Ò¼{¨ì¤¤°ê¾Ç³N¶Ç²Îªº©Ê½èªº°ÝÃD¡A¨º³oÓ®ÉÔ¤£¯à¤£¦Ò¼{¨ì¦Û§Ú§åµû¡B¦Û§Ú¤Ï¬Ùªº°ÝÃD¡A¨ì©³¥H½sÄ¡¬°¥Dªº¾Ç³N§@·¡A¹ï¾Ç³Nªº¶i¨B¡A¹ï¨D¯u¨ÓÁ¿¡A¨ì©³»ùȦh°ª¡H¬O¤£¬O»Ýn¸õ²æ¥X¨Ó¡A¬O¤£¬OnºÉ¶q¸õ²æ¥X¨Ó¡H³o¤£¥u¬O¤@Ó¹D¼w°ÝÃD¡A¯A¤Î¨ì¤@ӾdzN¤u§@©Ê½è°ÝÃD¡C¬°¤°»ò·|¯A¤Î¨ì¤@ӾdzN¤u§@©Ê½èªº°ÝÃD©O¡H´N¬O¦]¬°¾Ç³NÛ²z©M¾Ç³N¤u§@¨Æ¹ê¤W¬O¤À¤£¶}ªº¡C¦n¡C ¦A¨Ó¡A´N¬O¤@Ó½sÄ¡¤ßºA¸òÓ¤H½×zªº¤@Ó¹ï¥ßªº°ÝÃD¡C¦è¤èªº¾Ç³N¶Ç²Î¡A¤j®aèè¥i¥H±qProfessor Rollins½Í°_¨Ó¡A¦U¦ì¦³Ó³Ì²`¨èªº°²©w¡G¾Ç³N¤u§@¨Æ¹ê¤W¬O¤@ÓÓ¤H½×z¡A¬OÓÓ¤H¬°¤Hªº½×z¡A¨º³oÓ¤£¦ý¸ò¤¤°ê¶Ç²Î¤£¦P¡A¸ò¨ü¨ì¤¤°ê¼vÅTªº·Qªk¤W³£¤£¤Ó¬Û¦P¡A³o¨âÃä¨ÓÁ¿©O¦³§Q¦³¹ú¡C¹úªºªF¦è·íµM¬O«D±`¦³¡A¦]¬°§A½sÄ¡¥X¨ÓªºªF¦è¡A¨S¦³integrity¡A¨S¦³¤@Ó¾ãÅé©Ê¡A®Ú¥»¨S¦³¿ìªk§Î¦¨¥@¬É³~®|¡A°£«D¬O¥\¤O«Ü°ªªº¤H¡A´«»¡§Ú̪º¬ã¨s¡A¥»¨Ó¬On¤F¸Ñ¥@¬Éªº¡A¦pªG»¡§A§â¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¡A³z¹L½sÄ¡¤u§@¡AÅܦ¨¤@Ó«÷´ê©Êªº³Ò§@¡A¥H§Ú̲{¦b¯à°÷¤F¸Ñªº¾Ç³N¥\¤O¨ÓÁ¿¡A»ùȬO¬Û·í§Cªº¡C³Ò§@¤u§@À³¸Ó¤£¬O¡A¤@Ó«Ü«÷´ê©Êªº³Ò§@À³¸Ó¤£¬O¤@ӫܰª¼h¦¸ªº¤u§@¡A¦pªG§Ú̦¨¬°¤@Óªþ¥[»ùȨÓÁ¿¡Aªþ¥[»ùȬO«Ü§Cªº¡A¬O«Ü§Cªº¡C©Ò¥H³oÓ±¡ªp¤§¤U©O¡A§Ṳ́£¯à¤£¹ï½sÄ¡¤u§@¤ßºA¦³©Ò¤Ï¬Ù¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A§Úı±o³oÓ°ÝÃD¡A§Ú¤]¦P·N´N¬O»¡¡A¤£§¹¥þ¬O¾Ç³N¡A¤£¬O¹D¼wªº°ÝÃD¡A¥i¬O§ÚÌ¥²¶·´N¤H¤å¾Ç¬ì¨ÓÁ¿¡A¹ï½sÄ¡¤u§@¦³©Ò¤Ï¬Ù¡C¥H°Å¶K¬°¥Dªº¡A¤£¦ý°Å¶K¬°¥Dªº¡A¬Æ¦Ü³s±Ôz³£¬O°Å¶KªºªF¦è¡AªF§Û¤@¥y¡A¦è§Û¤@¥y¡A³oÓªF¦è¨ì©³»ùȦp¦ó¡A¨ì©³¯à¤£¯à¤Ï¬M¾Ç³N¤ñ¸û°ªªº·N¸q¡H³oÓ¬On¤Ï¬Ùªº¡C¦pªG§Ṳ́Ϭ٥H«á¡A¦ÛµM§Ṳ́ñ¸û¯à°÷ÄÀµM¡A¹ï©ó§Ṳ́µ¤Ñ³y¦¨ªº§Ú̳oӶDzΤߺA¡A¥»¤g¤ßºA¡A¸ò¦è¤è¶Ç¨Óªº¾Ç³N½Ä¬ð¡A¥i¯à´N¤ñ¸û¯à°÷ÄÀµM¡C ¥i¬O¥t¤@¤è±¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü©O¡AÓ¤H¥D¸q¡A¦è¤è¬°¥DªºÓ¤H¥D¸q¡A¸òª¾ÃѬ°¤½¾¹ªºÆ[©À¡A¤]¬O¦³°ÝÃD¡C¨ì©³¦è¤è¶Ç²Î©Ò¿×ªº¤ñ¸ûÄY®æªº¤@ºØ¡A©Ò¿×interlectual ownership¡A¤@ºØª¾ÃѩΫä·Qªº©Ò¦³ÅvªºÆ[©À¡A¨ì©³¤@Ó·¥ºÝªºª¾ÃѪºÓ¤H©Ò¦³ÅvªºÆ[©À¡A¬Æ¦Üidea¡AÆ[©ÀÓ¤Hªº©Ò¦³ÅvÆ[©À¡A¨ì©³¬O¤£¬O¦X²zªº³oÓ°ÝÃD¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¨ÓÁ¿¡A³Ð³y©Êªº¡B«e¨¥©Êªº¡A¦bÃäæªº¬ã¨s¤u§@¡Aªº½T¬O¦³«Ü¦hÓ¤H±M§Q¡C¥i¬O«Ü¦hªºªF¦è¡A¨ä¹ê¤£¬OC¡I¤Ñ¤U¤å³¹¤@¤j§Û¡A©TµM¬O¤Ó¹Lªº»¡ªk¡A¥i¬O«Ü¦hªF¦è©Z¥Õ»¡¡Aªº½T¬O¦³«Ü¦h¦Ç¦â¦a±a¦s¦b¡C¬°¤°»ò¤µ¤Ñ¡A¬°¤°»ò³oÓinterlectual ownershipªºªF¦è¡]01:35:59¡^·|¨º»ò«µø¡A§ÚÓ¤H»{¬°°£¤F¦è¤è¶Ç²Îªº¤@Ó¦³¤å¤Æ»ùȶɦVªºÓ¤H¥D¸q¥H¥~¡AÁÙ¸ò«Ü¦h²{¥NªÀ·|ªºÆ[©À¦³Ãö¡CÄ´¦p»¡¡A±M§QÅv¤u§@ªº¿³°_¡A±M§QÅv¤u§@ªº¿³°_¨Æ¹ê¤W¬O¬°¤FnÅý§Þ³N¶i¨B°_¨£¡A¯à°÷¹ªÀy¦³³Ð³y©Êªº¤H¡A¯à°÷±qÓ¤Hªº³Ð³y©Ê·í¤¤¡A±o¨ìª«½èªºª÷¿ú§Q¯q¡A±q¦Ó³y¦¨§Þ³Nªº¶i¨B¡A³o¬O¦b^°ê¸òªk°ê¡A¤u·~²©Rªì´Áªº®ÉÔ¡A¬°¤F¹ªÀy³o¶i¨B¡C¥i¬O³o¨ÇªF¦è¤S¸ò¦A¨Ó±q±M§Q²£¥Í¥X¨Ó©Ò¿×ªºinterlectual property rights¡]´¼¼z°]²£Åv¡^¡]01:36:41¡^¡A³oÓ´¼¼z°]²£Åvªº°ÝÃD¡A³o¤S¸ò°Ó·~§Q¯q±¾¹_¡C¤µ¤Ñ¦è¤èªº¥ßªk¸Ì±¡A¥ßªkªº¾÷ºc¸Ì±¡A¤£Â_ªºn©µªø³oÓ´¼¼z¡B³oÓ°]²£Åv¡A³o¥Dn¸ò«Ü¦h¤j°Ó·~§Q¯q¦³Ãö¡A§Aµe¥X¤@Ó¥d³q¤Hª«¡A¨ä¹ê¨S¦³¤°»ò¤F¤£°_ªºªF¦è¡A¸ò§A¼¶¤åªº¨º¨Ç¸Ö¤w¸g«Ü°÷¤F¡A¥i¥H¦]¬°¥L¦³¤@Ó¯S®í°Ó·~§Q¯q¤§¶¡¡A¥L¶V©µªø¡A¶V®e©öº¡¨¬¡A³y¦¨¤µ¤Ñ«Ü¦h«Ü©_©Çªº²{¶H¡A¤@Ó¤]¤£¬O§A³Ð³y¥X¨Óªº¡A´N¬O¦]¬°¤@¨Ç°¸µMªº¦]¯À¡A§A¾Ö¦³³o¤@±i¹Ï¤ù¡A³oӹϤùªºÅv§Q©O¡A§A¥i¥H«O¦³¡A¤£¬On¥Î³o¤@±i¡A³£¦³«Ü¤jªº°ÝÃD¡A¨ä¹ê³oºØÆ[©À¦b¦è¤è¤£¨£±o¬O¨S¦³§å§PÁnµªº¡C©Ò¥H¡A§Úı±o½sÄ¡¤ßºA¡BÓ¤H¥D¸q¸òª¾ÃѤ½¾¹¡A³o¨âÓ³£¬O«Ü·¥ºÝªº¡A¤]¤£¯àÁͩ󷥺ݡAn«ç»ò¼Ë¥h¨D¨ú¥¿Å¡A¤]¬O¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡C¨ä¹ê¦b¬ì¾Ç®a·í¤¤©O¡A¤]¦³¤Ï¬ÙªºÁnµ¡A§ÚÓ¤H¦]¬°¤u§@ªºÃö«Y¡A¸ò¤¤¬ã°|§õ»·õ°|ªø«Ü¼ô¡A§Ú´Nª¾¹D¥L¹ï³oÓ±M·~ªºÆ[©À«Ü¤£¥H¬°µM¡A±j¯Pªº±M·~Æ[©À¡C¥L«Ü²ßºDÁ|©~¨½¤Ò¤H¬°¨Ò¡A©~¨½¤Ò¤Hµ´¤£¥Ó½Ð±M§Q¡C¥L¤£¬O¤Ï¹ï±M§Q¡A¦Ó¬O»{¬°»¡¡A¦pªG§Aªº¥Øªº¡A¤£¬On¦A³z¹L§Þ³N³Ð·s¨ú±o§Q¯qªº¸Ü¡A§A¯uªº¬On¨D¯uªº¸Ü¡A³Ì¯à°÷¨ú±oª¾ÃѶi¨Bªº¤è¦¡¡A´N¬OÅý¨ºÓ³Ìªñªº¦¨ªG»°§Ö¶Ç¥¬¥X¥h¡AÅý¨ä¥L¦³³Ð§@¤Oªº¤H¥i¥H§Q¥Î¡A¨Ó¨ú±oª¾ÃѶi¨B¡C´N¦n¹³¨Ó«÷´ê¤@ÓÀ»¾ôªO¤@¼Ë¡A¦³¶V¦h¤H°Ñ¥[¤@°_¡A´N¶i¨B¶V§Ö¡C§A¦pªGinformationn¤£¶Ç¥¬¡A©Î¬O¶Ç¥¬¦³§O¤H¤£¯à¥Îªº¸Ü¡A§A¶i¨B¶VºC¡A¦]¬°§Aªºªþ¥[»ùȤ£¯à³Q§Q¥Î¡C ¥H¤W´N¬O§Ú´£¨ìªºÃö©ó³oөҿתº½sÄ¡¤ßºA©Î¬O©Ò¿×ªºª¾ÃѤ½¾¹¡A·íµMª¾ÃѤ½¾¹¬O¤ñ¸û¦nÅ¥ªº»¡ªk¡A³o¬O¤½¾¹°Õ¡C¥Ht±ªº»¡ªk¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A´N¬O¯Ê¥F³Ð³y¤O¡A¤Ñ¤U¤å³¹¤@¤j§Û¡A¬Û¹ï©ó¤ñ¸û·¥ºÝªº¡A§âÓ¤H·í§@¤p¤W«Ò¨Ó¬Ýªº¨ººØ¸Ø±iªº¤@ºØª¾Ãѳгy¤O¤ßºA¡A¨ä¹ê³Ð³y©Ê¤]¨S¦³¨º»ò°ª¡C ¤S±`±`¦b³oÓ®ÉÔ¡A¥t¥~§ÚÁÙn¦A´£½Í¤@ÂI¡AÃö©ó²{¥Nªº¾Ç³NÆ[©À·í¤¤¡AÁÙ¦³¥t¤@±¡A³o¤@ÂI¬O§Ú̪º¤å¤Æ¤¤¤ñ¸û®zªºªF¦è¡A´N¬O¾Ç³N³W½d¡C¾Ç³N³W½d©O¡A´N¦è¤èªº¾Ç³N³W½dÁÙ¦³¥t¥~¤@±¡A´N¤å¤Æ®t²§ªº¤@±¡A¨ä¹ê¦è¤èªº¾Ç³N³W½d¡AÁÙ¦³¤@ÓªÀ·|©Ê¡A´N§ÚèèÁ¿ªº¡A³oÓintegrityªº·§©À¦³¨â¤è±¡A³o¹ï§Ú̪º¡A¹ï¦Û¤vªº¡A¤@Ó¬O¹ï¥L¤Hªº¡A¨Æ±¡n¦p¦ó°µªº°ÝÃD¡C¾Ç³NÛ²zªºªÀ·|©Ê¡A´N¬On»{ÃѨì¡A¾Ç³Nªº¤u§@¡A¬O¦³ªÀ¸s©Êªº¡A©Ò¥H¦b©Ò¿×ªº¾Ç³NªºÛ²z·í¤¤¦³¤@¨ÇÆ[©À¡A¤ñ¦p»¡¤½¥ªºÆ[©À©Mcivility¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A§AnÅé»{¨ì§Aªº¾Ç³N¤u§@¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¤£¬O§A¤@Ó¤H¤u§@¡A¬O¤@ÓªÀ¸s©Êªº¤u§@¡A©Ò¥H©O¡A§A´Nºâ¤£½Í°½§O¤Hªº¦¨ªGªºÆ[©À¡A´Nºâ¬O§AÓ¤Hªº³Ð§@·í¤¤¡A§A¦³¨ü¯q©ó§O¤Hªº¦¨¥÷ªº¸Ü©O¡A§An§âcreditµ¹§O¤H¡Anªí²{¤@Ó§»ª¡A¤j®a¦³¤@Ó³z¹L³o¼Ë¤lªº¤¬°Êªí²{¤@Ó§»ª¥X¨Ó¡C¤¤¤å¤è±¨S¦³³oӶDzΡA«Ü¤Ö¤Þ§O¤HªF¦è¡A«Ü¦h¤H¤]¤£´£¨ü´f¨ü´f©ó§O¤H¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦³ªº¨ü¨ì§O¤H[±Òµo]§¹¥þ¤£´£¡A¦n¹³¦Û¤v½L¥j¥H¨Ó¡B¶}¦a¥H¨Ó¡A´N§Ú¤@Ó¤H¼gªºªF¦è¡C¤£Â_³o¼Ëªº±¡ªp¡C¥t¥~¤@ӬۤϪº¦a¤è¡A´N¬O©Ò¿×¤Hªº¤H±¡À£¤O«Ü¤j¡A¤@¤è±©O¡A¨ü¯q©ó§O¤Hªº¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¥Î§O¤Hªº¤£´£¡A²Ä¤GÓ©O¡A¤]¤£´±¥h§åµû§O¤H¡A¤]¨S¦³®Ñµû¡A¥¿¥¿·í·íªº®Ñµû¤u§@¡A©Î¬O§åµû§O¤H¡A·t¦Û§åµû¡A©Î¬O»¡©O¡A¤]¤£¤½¥ªº§åµû¡A¤£µM´N¬O±Mªù¥h§åµû§Aªº¼Ä¤H¡A¬O¤H¨§ðÀ»ªº§åµû¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A§Ú̯ʥF¤@ºØ¤½¥ªÀ·|¶Ç²Îªº¤¬°Ê¡A³o¤]ªí²{¦b§Ú̪º¹ï©ó¾Ç³N³W½dªº¤£¾AÀ³·í¤¤¡C¦]¬°²{¥N¾Ç³NÛ²z·í¤¤¡A¬°¤°»òn¤Þ§O¤H¡A¨ä¹ê¬O¤@Ó¤½¥ªº°ÝÃD¡A§ÚÌn¦@¦P¥h§â³oÓ¥\³Òn¤À´²¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡AÁ×§K³g¡u¤Ñ¡v¥\¥H¬°¤v§Q¡A³oÓ¡u¤Ñ¡v´N¬O¾Ç³NªÀ¸s¡C¦pªG§A¯à°÷¯u¥¿¥¿µø§O¤H°^Ämªº¸Ü©O¡A¥t¥~¤@Ó¤èªk¡A§A¤]¤ñ¸û¯à°÷Á×§K¤H±¡ªº§xÂZ¡A®i¶}¤@Ó¤ñ¸û¥¿·íªº¡B¦X²zªº¾Ç³NÅG½×¡C³oÓ±¡ªp¤§¤U©O¡A¨D¨úª¾ÃÑ¡B¶}®i¸ò¶i¨B¡A©Ò¥H³oӾdzNªº³W½d©O¡A¥t¥~¦³³o¤@±¡A´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡AªÀ·|©Êªº¤ñ¸û®z¡A¶Ç²Î¾Ç³N¤Wªº½sÄ¡¯S©Ê¡AÁÙ¦³¾Ç³N¬°¤½¾¹¡A¤£§â¾Ç³N·í§@¤@Ó¨º»ò±j½Õ³Ð³y©Ê©O¡A¬Æ¦Ü»¡¤å¤Æ¶Ç²Î¡A³o¨Ç³£¬O¡A³o¨Ç³£¬O§Ú̪º¸ò²{¥N¦è¤è¶Ç¨Óªº¾Ç³NÛ²z¡B¾Ç³N³W½d·í¤¤ªº¤@¨Ç©úÅ㪺¤å¤Æ®t²§¡C§ÚÌn«ç»ò¼Ë½Õ¾ã³o¨Ç¾Ç³NÛ²z¡B¾Ç³N³W½d©O¡H§Úı±o¤@Ó¤ñ¸û¦X²zªº¤è¦¡¡A¬O³z¹L¦Û§Ú¬Ù«ä¡AµM«á¬Ý§ÚÌ¥i¥H°µ¥X¨º¤@¨Ç¤ñ¸û¦X²zªº½Õ¾ã¡A³oӽվ㤣§¹¥þ¬O¤@ÓÛ²z³W«hªº°ÝÃD¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¯A¤Î¨ì¤@Ó¹ê½èªº°ÝÃD¡A´N¬O¡G¾Ç³N¤u§@n«ç»ò°µ¡H¤H¤å¾Ç³N¤u§@n«ç»ò°µ¡H¤¤°ê¤å¾Ç§r¡B¤åÄm¾Ç§r¡B¤å¦r¾Ç§r¡B¾ú¥v¾Ç¡A¨ì©³n«ç»ò¼Ë°µ¤ñ¸û¦X²z¡H¦pªG¡A§Úı±o§ÚÌn°µ¥i¥H¡AÄ´¦p»¡¦è¤è¤H¤£«µø¦Òµý¡A¦pªG§Ú̯uªºÄ±±o¦~ÃЬO¦X²zªº¤u§@¡A¦ý¦~ÃÐ·í¤¤¦³«Ü¦h¤£nµù©ú¤°»ò¨Ó·½¡Aªº½T¬O¥i¥Hªº¡A´N°µ¤U¨Ó¡C¦pªG§Aı±o¦X²z¡A¸g¹L²z©Ê¬Ù«äªº¸Ü¡A§Ú»{¬°³oÓ¤u§@¦X²z¡A¦³¥Lªº¥¿·í©Ê¡A§Y¨Ï¦b¦è¤è¤¤¨S¦³¡A§Ṳ́]¥i¥H°µ¡A¨º§Ú̳oÓÛ²zªº³W«h·íµMn°t¦X³oÓ¤u§@¨Ó¡C¦pªG¤@Ó¦~ÃФu§@¤°»ò³£¬Ofootnoting¡]¥[¤WµùÄÀ¡^¦³¤°»ò·N¸q©O¡HÁ|¨Ò¤l¦Ó¤w¡C¥i¬O¡A²Ä¤GӤ豤£¬O¦~ÃФu§@ªº¸Ü¡A¦X²z©Ê¡A§ÚÌ´N¤£nµo®i¤@Ó¤ñ¸û¯à°÷ªí²{Ó¤Hªº¤º¦b¥Í©R¡A¥H¤Î¥LªºªÀ·|¾ú¥vÀô¹Òªº¶Ç°O¼g§@¡A¤£¬O³oÓ·N«ä¡A¦Ó¬O·s°Ê·~¥i¥H³oÓÂ×´I§Ú̪º¶Ç²Î¡A¥i¬O¦³¤@¨Ç¤Hª¾¹Dªº¹ê¦b¬O¤Ó¤Ö¤F¡A§An¬O¼g¶Ç°Oªº¸Ü¡A§A¥u¯à¥ÎÓµêºc¦¡ªº¼g¦¨¡A¨º¤]¨S¦³¤°»ò¸q·N§r¡A¨º¨ì¤£¦p¨Ó»¡¡A¦~ÃЪº¼gªk¬O§ó¦X²zªº¼gªk¡A§Ú¬O¦b³oÓ°ò¦¤W¨Ó½Í½×¾Ç³NÛ²zªº°ÝÃD¡C §ÚÌn¦b¤°»ò±¡ªp¤§¤Un¦Ò¼{¨ì¾Ç³N³W½dªº¦X²z©Ê¡H³o¬O¤@Ó¨¤«×¡A§Ú¥eªº®É¶¡¤ñ¸û¦h¡A§Ú³Ì«á¦A²³æÁ¿¤@ÂI¾ú¥v¾Çªº³W½d°ÝÃD¡C§Ú²Ä¤@ÓÁ¿¤@Ó§Ú°ò¥»ªº¬Ýªk¡G§Ú¤£Ä±±o¾ú¥v¾Ç¦³¤°»ò«¤jªº¯S®íªº¾Ç³N³W½dªº°ÝÃD¡A¸ò§Oªº¾Ç¬ì¦n¹³«¤jªº¤£¦P¡A§Ú¬Ý¤£¤Ó¥X¨Ó¡C¤£¹L¦³¨âÂI©O¡A¬O¦b¤¤¤åªº¾ú¥v¾Ç³N¤¤¡A¸I¨ì¦³¨âÓ¤ñ¸û¯S®íªº°ÝÃD¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥Hµy·L´£¤@¤U¡G²Ä¤@Ó´N¬Oµý¾Ú³B²zªº°ÝÃD¡A¦]¬°¾ú¥v¾Ç¦b¤H¬°¾Ç³N¤¤©O¡A¬O¸ò¹êÅç¬ì¾Ç¹êµý¬ì¾Ç¤ñ¸û±µªñªº¡A¦]¬°§ÚÌn³B²z«Ü¦hµý¾Ú¡A°ò¥»¤W¡A§Ú̪º¤Þ¤å¡A¤ñ¸û¬O§â¥L¤£¬O·í§@interpretative work¡Ð¸àĶ©Êªº¤u§@¡A¬On§â¥L·í§@¤@Ó¹êµýªºµý¾Ú¨Ó³B²z¡A¤ä«ù§A¹ï¾ú¥v²{¶Hªº»{ÃÑ¡C¦b«Ü¦h§Oªº¾Ç¬ì¡A¤ñ¦p»¡²Îp¡B¸gÀÙ¡B¹êÅç¬ì¾Ç¡A¬Æ¦Ü¤HÃþ¾Ç¡A§A¹ïµý¾Úªº³B²zn«Ü¤p¤ß¡A¤£¯à»´©ö¶Ã°Êµý¾Ú¡A§âµý¾Ú¦±§á¡A§ïÅܵý¾Ú¡C¤ñ¦p»¡¡A§Aªº¹êÅçµ²ªG°½°½§â¸ê®Æ°Ê¤@¤U¡A©Î¬O§â·Ó¤ù§ï¤@§ï¡A¨Ó¡A§A¦pªG°Ê¤F¥H«á¡A´N¬Ocooks data[¸ê®Æ¥[¤u]§âdata¶Ã·d¤@³qªº¸Ü¡A¬O¦³¹D¼w©Êªº°ÝÃD¡C¦b¾ú¥v¾Ç³N·í¤¤¡A¦Ü¤Ö´N¹ê»Ú±¡ªp¨Ó¬Ý¡A¦n¹³§A¤Þ¤å¡B¦±¸Ñ¡AµM«á¤Þªº¤£¦Xì·N¡A©Î¬O¸òì¨Óªº¯ßµ¸¤£¦X¡A¤@¯ë¤£§â¥L·í§@¤@ÓÛ²z°ÝÃD¡A¦Ó§â¥L·í§@¤@Ó§A¯à¤O¤£°÷¡A¥Ç¤F¤@Ó¿ù»~¡Cì¦]¬O«Ü¦h¡A¥]¬A¾ú¥v¬ã¨s¦³¤@Ó¯S¦â¡A¾ú¥v¬O¬ã¨s¹L¥h¾ú¥vªºªF¦è¡A§Ú̪ºµý¾Ú³£¬O¹L¥h¿ò¯d¤U¨Ó¡A°ò¥»¤W¬O¤½¶}©Êªº¡A³o¸ò¤HÃþ¾Ç¤£¤@¼Ë¡A¤HÃþ¾Ç§A¨ì¨º¤@Ó§ø¸¨¥h°µÓ¥Ð³¥¡A¥u¦³§A¦Û¤vª¾¹D¡A¿ýµ±a¸Ì¦³¡B§Aªºµ§°O¸Ì¦³¡A§An¬O°µ°²ªº¸Ü¡A¼vÅT«D±`¤j¡C¥i¬O¾ú¥vªºµý¾Úªº¸Ü©O¡Aì«h¤W¤j®a³£¥i¥H¦^¥h¬Ýªº¡AÀɮתº¸Ü¤]n¬O¤½¶}ªºÀɮסA«ö²z§A¤£À³¸Ó¤Þ¥Î¡A¨S¦³µoªíªº¤é°O¡A©Ò¥H¾ú¥v¾Çªºµý¾Úì«h¤W©Ò¦³¤H³£¥i¥H¦A¥h¬Ýªº¡A©Ò¥H¤ñ¸û¤£·í§@¹D¼w¦æ¬°¡A·í§@¯à¤Oªº°ÝÃD¡C·íµM¦±¸Ñ¤Æ¤]¥i¥H¤Þ°_¬Y¨Ç§åµû¡A¨S¦³¨º»ò±j¯Pªº¹D¼w©Êªº°ÝÃD¦b¨º¸Ì¡A¥i¬O¦³¤@¨Çµý¾Ú¡A¤ñ¦p»¡¹êÅç«Ç¸Ì¥X¨Óªºµý¾Ú¡A©Î¬O§A¤HÃþ¾Ç¥Ð³¥ªºµý¾Ú¡A©Î¬O§A¸g¹L°Ý¨÷½Õ¬dªºµý¾Ú¡A¬O¦b§Aªº¤â¸Ì¡A§O¤H«ÜÃø¨ú±oªº¡A¹êÅ窺µý¾ÚÁÙ¥i¥H½Æ»s¡A¦³ªºµý¾Ú¬O«ÜÃø½Æ»sªº¡C¤ñ¦p»¡¡A§Ú¨ì¨ºÓ§ø¥h³X°Ý¡A¨º¦³¤H³o»ò¤j¤O¦A«·s²V´XÓ¤ë¥h¡A©Ò¥H³oÓªF¦è¬O¦³¯A¤Î¤ñ¸û¤jªº¡A¾ú¥v¾Ç¤ñ¸û¤Ö³o¤@ÂI¡C²Ä¤GÓ¤ñ¸û¯S®íªº¡A´N¬O¾ú¥v±Ôz»PÛ²z¡A¬O¾Ç³NÛ²z°ÝÃD¡A§Úı±o³oÓªº¸Ü¬O¤@Ó¤ñ¸û°ÝÃD¡A¹L¥h¤¤°ê¦]¬°¤ñ¸û±j¤jªº¤¤¤å¥@¬Éªº½sÄ¡¤ßºA¡A§Ṳ́ñ¸û¤£«µø±Ôz¡A¾ú¥v¥v¾Ç±Ôz¤]¤ñ¸û®z¡A§Ú̪º±Ôz±`±`¬O«÷´ê¡C³y¦¨¤°»òµ²ªG©O¡HÅܦ¨§Ų́S¦³±Ôz¡A§Ų́S¦³«·s«Øºc¤@Ó¥@¬É¡A±Ôz«ö²z¬O»¡¡A§A¥ô¦ó¤@Ó¬ã¨s¤@Ó±Ôz¡A³£¦³¥¦ªº¿W¥ß©Ê¡A§ÚÁ¿³oÓ°ÝÃD§Ú¥Î³oÓ§÷®Æ¡A¸ò§Aªº¥Øªº¤£¥i¯à¦Ê¤À¤§¦Ê¤@¼Ëªº¡A©Ò¥H¦pªG§A¨S¦³¸g¹LèèProfessor RollinsÁ¿ªº¤@ÓParaphrasingªº¤u§@ªº¸Ü¡A§â¨ºÓªF¦è°µ«·sªº§ï¼g¡A¥i¬O¤S¤£¥¢ì·N¡A¨Ó«Ø¥ß¨Ó§A©Òn·Qn§e²{ªº¥@¬Éªº¸Ü©O¡A¨º³o¼Ëªº«÷´ê¬O¨S¦³·N¸qªº¡A¦]¬°³y¤£¥X¨º¼Ëªº¥@¬É¥X¨Ó¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡©O¨ÓÁ¿³á¡A½sÄ¡ªº¤ßºAªº¸Ü©O¡A¦pªG§ÚÌÄ@·N¡A§â§Ú̪º¾Ç³NÛ²z¤u§@¡A¦A¬Ý±oÄY¤@ÂI¡A§Ú̾¨¶q¤£©Ó»{¨S¦³¤Þ¸¹ªºª½±µªº¤Þ¤åªº¸Ü¡A¦]¬°§A¤£¥i¯à©Ò¦³ªº¤Þ¤å³£¥Î¤Þ¸¹¡A§An°µ±Ôzªº¸Ü§An¯u¥¿¡A¤£«·s¼gªº¸Ü¡A§A¤@©w§â«Ü¦h¤Þ¸¹¥h±¼¹À¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡©O¡A§Ú̦pªG¯à°÷§â¾Ç³NªºÛ²zªºì«h§Ë±o§óÄY¤@ÂI¡A§â¤Þ¤å¤u§@§Ë±o§óÄY¤@ÂIªº¸Ü¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¦³§U©ó§Ú̾dzN¤u§@ªº¶i¨B¡A±j¢§ÚÌ¥²¶·¬°¤F§Ú̦ۤv¬ã¨s¤u§@ªº¥Øªº¡A«·s®ø¤Æ§÷®Æ¡A¤£ºÞ¬O¥j¤Hªº¤åÄm©ÎªÌ²{¥N¤H¨ä¥LªºµÛ§@¡AÅý§ÚÌ¥²¶·«·s°µ¥X¦Û¤vªº±Ôz¨Ó¡A¥²¶·¬°¤F§Ú̪º¬ã¨sªº¥Øªº¡A«·s«ºc¤@Ó§ÚÌı±o¯u¹ê¦s¦bªº¥@¬É¥X¨Ó¡A³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¬O¦³§U©ó¶i¨B¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¤£°½Ãi¡A±j¢§Ṳ́£n°½Ãi¡C©Ò¥H¡A°£¤F¥¦ªºÛ²z¤Wªº¦n³B¥H¥~¡AÁÙ¦³¯q¡A¦]¬°¦pªG§A¥u¬OªF«÷¦è´ê¡A´N±o¨ì«Ü¤jªº§Q¯q¡A®³¨ì¤@ÓªÀ·|¤W¤@ÓÁ~¤ô¤£¿ùªº¤u§@¡A³o¹ïªÀ·|¤½¥¤]¤£¬O«Ü¦nªº¨Æ±¡¡A©Ò¥H§Úı±o¡A¾ú¥v±Ôzªº¤è±¨ÓÁ¿¡A¼Ð·ÇÀ³¸Ó´£°ª¡A¥i¥H»¡¾¨¶q¨¾¤î¥Î¤@ºØCopy¦¡¡A¤£n»¡§Ûŧ¦¡¡A¥Î¤@ºØ°Å¶K¦¡ªº¤è¦¡°µ±Ôz¡A§â°Å¶K¦¡ªº¨ºÓn«ÜÄY®æ¡A§A¥un¬O°Å¶K¡A¥un¬Oì«Ê¤£°Ê¡A´N¤@©wn¤Þ¤å¡A¹G§An«·s¥h¼g¡A³o¼Ë¤~¯à«Øºc¤@Ó¸ò§Aªº¬ã¨sÃD¥Ø¬Oª½±µ¬ÛÃöªº¤@ӯߵ¸¥X¨Ó¡A¾ú¥v¯ßµ¸¥X¨Ó¡C ¥H¤W©O¡A¬O§Ú³oÓ©Ô©ÔÂøÂø³o´X¤Ñ¡A¦b§Q¥Î³oÓªÅÀɮɶ¡¡A¬d¤@ÂI¸ê®Æ§@¤@ÂI«ä¦Òªº¤@Óµ²ªG¡A§Ú¤]¤£ª¾¹DÁ¿±o²M¤£²M·¡¡A©ÎªÌ¦³¨S¦³¥Î¡A¦]¬°§Ú¤]¨S¦³®É¶¡§â¥¦¼g¥X¨Ó¡A¥H¤W©Ô©ÔÂøÂø¡A´N¬O§Úªº³ø§i¡A½Ð¦U¦ì¦h¦h«ü±ÐÁÂÁ¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^³¯±Ð±Â¹ï©ó©Ò¿×ªº¡u¾Ç³NÛ²z¡v¡A¦b¦è¤è¢w¢wè¤~ùªL±Ð±Â©Ò´£¨ìªº¡A´N¬Ohonesty¡AÁÙ¦³´£¨ìªº¡u¸Û¥¿¡v³o¨Ç°ÝÃD¡A±q¾ú¥v¾Çªù¡A¤]¥i¥H±q¤H¤å¾Çªù´£¥X¤@¨Ç¬Ýªk¡A³oÓ³¡¥÷¨ä¹ê°£¤F¾ú¥v¾Çªù¡A¤H¤å¤è±¤@Ó´N¬O¤å¾Ç¡A³o¤@³¡¥÷À³«ç»ò¬Ý¡H ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^§Ú·Q¦^À³¤@¤U³¯±Ð±Â´£¨ìªº³o¨Ç°ÝÃD¡A³Ì«á¡A´£¨ì¦pªG¬Oª½±µ¤Þ¤åªº¸Ü¡A´NÀ³¸Ón´x´¤¦n¡A¨º»ò²Ä¤@¡A¾Ç³N¤u§@¥i¥H´ÂµÛ®ø¤Æªº¤è¦V¨«¡A¥i¬O§Úµ¹¦U¦ìªºµoªº¤@Ó¤å¥ó¡A¥L[¥H¬°]¡A§A¦b«¼gÂàz¹L¡A¥L³£Ä±±o¤£¦X²z¡A§Úı±o¦³ÂI¤ÓÄY¤F¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¨S¦³¡C§Úªº·N«ä¬O³o¼Ëªº¡A¨ä¹ê¦]¬°³oÓ¤¤¤å¨ä¹ê«Ü½ÆÂø¡A§ÚªºÆ[ÂI¬O±j½Õ»¡¾Ç³NÛ²z¤£§¹¥þ¬OÓ¤H®æªº°ÝÃD¡A¥L¬O¸ò¾Ç³N©Ê½èªº¤u§@¦³Ãöªº¡A¦pªG§A»¡§Ú̹ï¾Ç³N¤u§@ªº©Ê½è¤H¤å¾Ç³Nªº©Ê½è¦³¨Ç¤Ï¬Ùªº¸Ü¡A³o¨âÃä¥i¥H¬Û¨Ìªº¡C©Ò¥H§Ú±q³oÓ³sµ²ÂI¨Ó¬Ý¡C¦Ü©ó§ÚÓ¤H¬O¤ä«ù¤ñ¸ûÄY®æ¤@ÂI¡AÂàz§AnÁ¿¡A´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¤µ¤Ñ§Ú̫ܦhªºÂàz¡B°Å¶K¡A¬O°½Ãiªº¡Aintellectual laziness¡A®Ú¥»´N¬O°½Ãi¡A§Ṳ́£½Í¤H®æ°ÝÃD¡A¥u¬OÓÃi¤H¡C¦pªG§ÚÌnÁ×§Kn¦]¬°¨ºÃi¦Ó±o¨ì§Q¯q¬O¤£À³¸Óªº¡A§ÚÌ¥ý¤£½ÍÁ¿¹D¼w¡A³o¬O§Úªº¤@ÓÆ[ÂI¡A©Ò¥H¯¸¦b¶Ô³Òªº¤HÀ³¸Ó¤ñÃi¤H±o¨ì§ó¦h§Q¯q¨Ó¬Ý¡A§Ú¬O¤ä«ù¤ñ¸û¥ÎÄY®æªº¤è¦¡¡CÄY®æªº¤è¦¡¤]¤£Ãø¹À¡A§A¦³¥»»â§A´N¨C¤@ÓÂàz´N§âµùÁ¿¥X¨Ó¡A§A¬Ý§An¬O¤@½g¤T¤Q¶¤å³¹§A¦³¤¦ÊÓµù¡A§A¦³¥»»â§Aµù¹À¡A¨º´N¹G§A¤£¯à³o¼Ë¤l¡A¨º´N§â¾Ç³N³W½d¼Ð·Ç´£°ª¤F¡A§Ú¬O³oÓ·N«ä¡A§Ú±q³oÓ¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A ¡]Rollins¡^When I was doing my research for this presentation, I noticed a number of articles that talk about a huge problem in Mainland China. Of course, my initial reaction was surprise. Do they respect integrity? But as I thought about this, it seemed to me that maybe it has something to do with what we were saying before about people being asked to do something that they are not ready to do. In other words, it sounds to me like a requirement has been set up by the government or the academy that people are not prepared to fulfill. And I see this at my own school. Yes, I see this in my own department. As you know I am in ¥~¤å¨t, and so the professors are expected to publish in English, and they are encouraged to publish in international journals. And yet, here we have people writing in English, not their native language, and being expected to publish in journals in which native speakers publish. And they are the absolute best in England, Australia and America. Suppose we are competing to publish in those journals. In the twelve years that I have been at the department, no one has ever published in one of those journals. And so they all feel inadequate. They feel that the university is looking at them as though they are intellectually lazy and a bunch of lumps. But my own view of this is that they are being asked to do something that is almost impossible. Most Americans don¡¦t publish in those journals either. So I wonder about this. I mean, I wonder if people are being pushed, people who are otherwise perfectly ethical and perfectly honest people, are been pushed into an impossible situation. For instance, within my field, how many journals in Taiwan do we consider to be a decent journal publishing in English? If they publish in Chinese, they get very little credit. Somebody will publish something in Chung-wai Literary Monthly. It looks really good, and from everything I understand, it is really quite a good article. But, because it is in Chinese, they don¡¦t get respect. It seems to me there is a problem. People fear, especially now, that the MOE has adopted policy. I mean, in my field of work, how are they going to get full credit for publishing full articles. It is next to impossible for them.¡]01:54:02~01:57:12¡^ ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^I see that what you said can be applied to Taiwan, but not to Mainland China. I think the sources of the pressure are complex, but do not include what you¡¦ve mentioned. I think, even in Taiwan, a numbers of factors may be present for the pressure that people are asked to do what is impossible to do. I think one of the critical factors is that the academic world in Taiwan is dominated by scientists, by people using Mathematics as the language in their research. So basically, the problem is that Taiwan is small and the community is small. The standard is set by the scientists. They don¡¦t understand the nature of the humanities. All those in science can publish articles in poor Chinese, in German, and in Russian. However, I think the situation is beginning to change, particularly at the top ten universities. They are arguing on laws for scientists, and humanists. This is totally based upon the misconceptions about the nature of native social studies being unable to produce knowledge that can be useful and appreciated by society. Does that make any sense if all the science literature is written in Chinese, and can¡¦t be read and understood by the students of the universities in the United States? I suspect that the changes will come to the mid-level universities later. My main problem is the language. The fact is that the members are required to write in English only. I think it is ridiculous. ¡]01:57:12~02:0026¡^ ¡]Rollins¡^Yes. Well, in fact, within my department, you can see this. The people who are language specialists, are doing very well. We¡¦ve had many people in languages and linguistics promoted to professor. No one in literature has ever been promoted at all. The reason is ironic. If you are writing in linguistics or in language studies, your English doesn¡¦t have to be very good. But if you are writing about literature, your English has got to be not only perfect, it has got to be literary.¡]02:00:26~02:01:00¡^ ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^Not only that, in comparison to literary studies, linguistics is far smaller and much more marginal. Once in a while, there are interesting studies. Probably, the people are trained to be scientifically minded.¡]02:01:00~02:01:36¡^ ¡]§d±K¹î¡^§Ú¦b°ê¥~ªº®ÉÔ±µ¨ì¦¿Ä_³¦ªº¹q¸Ü¡A¦o¤£ª¾¹D§Ú¦b°ê¥~¡A©Ò¥H§Ú´N«Ü§ÖµªÀ³¦oªº¦P®É¡A§Ú¨º®ÉÔ«D±`º}«G¦a¦³¤@Ó¤ÏÀ³¡G§Ú·Q§An§ä¨ºÓ³¯®z¤ô±Ð±Â¡A¤@¤è±¬O¦]¬°¥L³oÓ¥±`´N¹ï©ó³oÓÛ²z°ÝÃD¤ñ¸ûÃö¤ß¡A¥t¥~¤@Ó¬O¡A¥L¥»¨´N¬O¾ú¥v¾Ç̪º¥l¶°¤H¡A¤u§@¤WÀ³¸Ó¤]·|¥h«ä¦Ò³oºØ°ÝÃD¡Cµ²ªG§Úªº±À¯òµ´¹ï¨S¦³¿ù¡A³o¼Ëªº¸Ü´N¨Ï±o§Úªº«e¥b¬q¥i¥H¤£Á¿¡A¨º¤@¼Ëªº¡D³o¤@Ó´N¹³³o¤@Ó¡A³¯±Ð±Âè¤~Á¿ªº¡C¨ä¹ê§Ú¹ï©ó³oÓ°ÝÃD§Ú¥»¨Óªº¤@Ó¤F¸Ñ¡AÁÙ¤£¬O¾Ç³N³W½d¡A¥u¬O¦]¬°¦¿Ä_³¦±Ð±Â¸ò§Ú»¡n½Í¤@өҿ׾dzN§Ûŧªº°ÝÃD¡A§Úı±o©Ò¿×¾Ç³N§Ûŧ¡A¤×¨ä¦b¤H¤å¾Ç¬ì¡A¤×¨ä¦b¹³¾ú¥v³o¼Ëªº¾Ç¬ìªº®ÉÔ¡A¨ä¹ê¡A¥L°ò¥»¤W¬O¤@Ó¹ê½îªº°ÝÃD¡C¦b¹ê½îªº¹Lµ{·í¤¤¸IIJ¨ìªº°ÝÃD¡C§Ú·Q¤F¤@¤U¡A¤jP§â§Ú°O¾Ð©Ò¤Îªº¡A¹³°ê¤ºªº´XÓ¦³¦Wªº¾ú¥v¾ÇÂø»x¡A¹³¥x¤jªº¾ú¥v¾Ç³ø°Õ¡B¹³¤¤¬ã°|ªº¥v»y©Ò¶°¥Z¡A§Úµy·L·Q¤F¤@¤U¤§«á¡A§Ú«ÜÅå³Y¡A©Ò¿×«ÜÅå³Y´N¬O»¡¡A¦pªG±qÄY®æªº©w¸q¤W¨Ó»¡¡A§Ûŧªº°ÝÃD«D±`ªºÄY«¡C¦ý¬O©O¡A§Ú·Q§Y¨Ï³¯±Ð±Â¥ý¥Í¦b¾ú¥v¾Çªùªº¥l¶°¤H¨ºÓ¦ì¸m¡A¥¦¦¨¬°°ÝÃD¡A¦b°ê¤º¦¨¤F°ÝÃD¡Acase¦n¹³¤£¦h¡C ¬°¤°»ò·|³o¼Ë¡H¨ä¹ê¸òè¤~³¯±Ð±Â¤w¸g½Í¨ìªº¡A§Ú̳o¤@Ãä¡A¦Ü¤Ö»¡±q¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¥H¨Ó¤j®a¦b¥Î·sªº¿ìªk¥h¼g©Ò¿×ªº¾ú¥v¾Çªº¤å³¹¡BµÛ§@ªº®ÉÔªº¤@¨Ç²ßºD¡A¨ä¹ê¬O¦³Ãöªº¡A¦]¬°°ò¥»¤W¡A§ÚÌ·Q¤@¤U³oÓ¥x¤j¾ú¥v¾Ç³øªº¸Ü¡A¶°§H¡C¶°§H¬O¤@ºØ¦Ê¤À¤§¦Ê¡A´N¬O»¡¦b§O¤Hªº°ò¦¤§¤W¡A¨º°ÝÃD¬O°ò¥»¤W§O¤HÀ°§A³]©w¦nªº¡A§A¦b§O¤Hªº°ò¦¤§¤W¡A¦A¥h§ä¡A§â¤H®a¤w¸g§ä¨ì¤F¦Ê¤À¤§¤K¤Q§Aµ¹¥¦¦b§ä¤F¦Ê¤À¤§¤Q¤¥X¨Ó¡AÅܦ¨¦Ê¤À¤§¤E¤Q¤¡F»¡¤£©w¦A¹L´X¦~¡AÁÙ¦³¥t¥~¤@Ó·|¥h¦A§â¤@¨Ç¦Ê¤À¤§¤Gµ¹§ä¥X¨Ó¡A¤£Â_¦a¦A³o¼Ë²Ö¿n¡C¨ººØ¶°§Hªº¤å³¹¤£¤Ö¡C¥t¥~¤@Ó¡A¦~ÃЪº¤å³¹¤£¤Ö¡A¦~ÃЪº¤å³¹¡A½Ð°Ý¦~ÃЪº¤å³¹¤£¬O¡A¨ä¹ê¥]¬A©Ò¿×±Ôzªºµ²ºc¡C§Î¦¡¡A°ò¥»¤W¬O¤w¸g¬O¦]ŧ®M¹À¡A¥u¬O§A§â¥¦¥Î§O¤H°µ¹Lªº¿ìªk¡A¼g¤@Ó·sªº¤H¡A©Î¬O§â¨ºÓ¤H¦A¥[¤W¥h¡C¶°ª`ªºªF¦è«Ü¦h¡A¨º¶°ª`´Nè¤~³oÓ³¯±Ð±Â½Í¨ìªº¡A§Ú̪º½sÄ¡ªº±¡ªp«Ü¼F®`¹À¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ó¨ä¹ê§ÚÌ´N¤£Â_¦a¦b³oºØ¡A³oÓª`¡Bzªº¶Ç²Î¸Ì±¡A¤£Â_¦aÅ|¤W¥h¹À¡A¶VÅ|¶V¦h¶V¦h¡C³oÓª`zªº¶Ç²Î¡A§Y¨Ï¦ò±Ð¸g¨å¤]¬O³o¼Ë¡A¦b³o¼Ëªº¯ßµ¸¸Ì±¡A¤£Â_¦aÂX¤j¡A§Y¨Ï¨S¦³¤ñ¸û·sªº«¬ºAªº¤@ºØ¼gªk¡A°ò¥»¤W¬O±Ôzªº¹À¡C±Ôzªº¾ãÓªº¬[ºc¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ó½×ÃÒ¡B¤ÀªR¡B¸ÑÄÀ¡A°ò¥»¤WÁÙ¬O¥Î³Ì²³æªº¡A¥Î³Ì²³æªº³oºØ«äºû¼Ò¦¡¦b«÷´ê¤@Ӥ峹¡A©Ò¥H³oÓ¤H¡A¦pªG§ÚÌ¥J²Ó¦a¥h¬Ý¡A¨ººØÄY®æ©w¸qªº©Ò¿×ªº¬ã¨sªº¸Ü¡A·|«D±`¤£¤@¼Ë¡CÄY®æ©w¸qªº³oÓ¬ã¨s¡A·|¬O²Ä¤@Ó§A¥²¶·§Î¦¨°ÝÃD¡A§Î¦¨°ÝÃD¤§«á§A¥²¶·»`¶°Data¡AµM«á§A¥²¶·¹ï©ó³o¨Çdata¶i¦æ¤ÀªR¡FµM¤ÀªR§¹¤F¤§«á¡A§An¥Î¦Û¤vªº¤@®M±Ôz½×ÃÒ¡A´N¦æ¤åªº¤è¦¡¥h¦^µª§Aì¨Óªº¨ºÓ°ÝÃD¡C¤£¹L¡A¦³½ìªº¬O¡Aè¤~§ÚÌ»¡¡A°ò¥»¤W§Ú̦³¤@¥b¡A´X¥G¡A³£¦³¤@¥bªº¦³«Ü¤jªº³oÓ³¡¥÷ªºÃD¥Ø¬O¡A¸ò¦b¬Y¬Y¤Hªº«á±°µ¬ã¨s¡A©Ò¥H¨ºÓ°ÝÃDªº´£°Ý¡A¥»¨ªºì³Ð´N¬O¬Û·íªº§C¤F¡C¦n°Õ¡I»`¶°dataªº®ÉÔ¡A·j¶°data¦b¾ú¥v¾Ç¸Ì±¡A´N§ó¦³·N«ä°Õ¡I°ò¥»¤W¡A¾ú¥v¾ÇªÌ¬O¥h§ä·Ó²z»¡¬O¤w¸g¦s¦b¨º¸Ìªº¡A¥u¬O»Ýn§A¥hµo²{¥L¦Ó¤wªº¨º¤@ºØ¡A¥s°µ¥v®ÆªºªF¦è¡A¸ò§Ú̬ݦ³¤@¨Ç¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨sªÌ¡A¥L¥²¶·¥h¦Û¤v°µ¹êÅç¡A°µ³X¬d¡A°µ½Õ¬d¡A°µ°Ý¨÷½Õ¬d¡A¥h§Î¦¨¥Lªº¼Æ¾Ú¡A¥Lªºdata¹À¡I¨ä¹ê¡A¾ú¥v¾Ç³oºØdata«Ü¤Ö¡C°ò¥»¤W¾ú¥v¾Çªºdata¡A¦³«Ü¤jªº¤@³¡¤À¨Ó¦Û©ó¡A¥h§â»¡¤£©w¬O¦b¹Ï®ÑÀ]ªº¬Y¤@Ó¨¤¸¨ªº¤@¥»®Ñªº²Ä´X¶ªº¨ºÓªF¦èµ¹§ä¥X¨Ó¡A©Ò¥H°ò¥»¤W¡A¨º¨Çdata¥»¨´N¬O¤@Ó¡A´N¬O¤@ӤޥΡA´N¬O¤@Ó§Ûŧ¡C¹ï³oӨƱ¡¡A§Ú´¿¸g¦³¤@Ó¸gÅç¡A§Ú¦³¤@¦¸§c¢w¢wÁÙ¦b¯d¾Çªº®É¥N¡A¦³¤@Ó§Ú̦P¯Zªº¦P¾Ç¡A§@¤F¤@Ó³ø§i¡A¤@Ó¸gÀÙ¥vªº³ø§i¡A¸gÀÙ¥vªº³ø§i´N·|¥X²{«Ü¦hªºªí¡A¶ý²Îp°Ú³oÓ¤°»ò¶i¥X¤fªº²Îp§r¡A°Ú¡A°Úªº³oºØ¼Æ¾Ú¡AµM«á¦C¥X¤@Óªí¨Ó¡Aµ²ªG¥t¥~¤@Ó¦P¾Ç´N°Ý¥L¡A³oÓªí¬O§A¦Û¤vºâ¥X¨Óªº¶Ü¡H¥L»¡¡A¤£¬O¡A³oÓªí¬Oquote¡A¬O¤Þ¥Îªº¡A¤Þ¥Î¬Y¤@Ó¬ã¨sªÌ¡Aµ²ªG©O¡A¤j®aª¾¹D¤é¥»¨ºÓ¾ÇªøÅv«Â«Ü¤j¡A·í³õ´N§â³ø§i¤Hªº¨ºÓ¤jºõª½±µ´NºL¥X¥h¤F¡C¥L»¡¡A¨º³o¤£¥s°µ¬ã¨s¡C¦n°Õ¡A¨ä¹ê¨º¤@¨Ç¼Æ¾Ú¡A¤£¬O¥L¦Û¤vºâªº¡A¬O¬Y¬O¤Þz¬Y¤@½g¤å³¹¦Ó¨Óªº¡A©Ò¥H¬Ý°_¨Ó¬O¡A§Ú̾ú¥v¾Ç¸g±`¦b¥Îdataªº®ÉÔ¡A¥]¬A¨º¼Æ¥Ø¦rªºdata¡A°ò¥»¤W³£ÁÙ¤£¬O¥Î§Ú̦ۤvªº¤@®Mpºâ¥h°µ¥X¨Ó¡A¥h§ä¤@Ó²{¦¨ªº§â¥¦´ê¦b¤@°_¡A©Ò¥H§Ú´N¤@ª½·Q¡A¦pªG¬O³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡A¾ú¥v¾Ç¤£§Ûŧ¤]«ÜÃø¡A©Ò¥H¬Ý°_¨Ó¬O¡A¨º´Nn¬Ý§Ų́쩳¦p¦óªº¨Ó©w¸q§Ûŧ¡A¤@¤è±¨Ó¦Û©ó§ÚÌè¤~»¡¹Lªº³o¤@Ӥ夯¶Ç²Î¡A¤@¤è±¨Ó¦Û©ó¾Ç¬ìªº²ßºD¡A¤£¹L¡Aè¤~§ÚËı±o¡A³¯±Ð±Â½Í¨ì¤@Ó¦³½ìªº°ÝÃD¡A¨º´N¬O»¡¡A³o¤@ºØ±¡ªp¡A¦b§Ú̪º³o¤@Ó»â°ì¸Ì±¡A¦ü¥G¸g±`¤£§â¥¦·í¦¨Û²z°ÝÃD¡A¦Ó¬O§â¥¦·í¦¨¯à¤O°ÝÃD¡C¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¨º¤@ºØ¬ã¨sªÌ¡A¬O¤@ºØ¤ñ¸û¨S¦³³Ð·Nªº¬ã¨sªÌ¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¤@ºØ¤£¹D¼wªº¬ã¨sªÌ¡A§Ú̶ɦV©ó¢w¢w²{¦b¬Ý°_¨Ó¦b¥xÆW¡A¬O¶É¦V©ó¥Î³oºØ¨Ó³B²z¡A¤£¹L§ÚÁÙ¬Oı±o¡A§Ún½Íªº¨ä¹ê³£³Q§Úªº¦P¾ÇÁ¿§¹¤F¡C§Ú̱¹ï³o¨Ç°ÝÃDªº®ÉÔ¡A¥²¶·¥h½Í¡A¨ä¹ê¥¦¦³¦n´XÓ¼h¦¸¡A¤@Ó¼h¦¸¬Oªk«ßªº¼h¦¸¡A¥t¤@Ó¥¦¬O¤@ÓÛ²zªº¼h¦¸¡A¥t¥~¤@Ó¥¦¬O¤@Óè¤~¹³è¤~»¡ªº¥¦¬O¤@Ó¦nÃa¯à¤Oªº¼h¦¸¡C¦pªG³oӾǬ쪺©Ê½è¬O³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡A¦³¤@ºØ±¡ªp´N¬Oèè¦b»¡ªº¡A¦p¦ó¦aÅý§ÚÌ¥h½Í°ÝÃDªº¨º¼Ëªº¬ã¨s¦h¤@ÂI¡A¦ÓÄÝ©ó½sÄ¡©Êªºªº¨º¤@ºØ©Ò¿×ªº¬ã¨s¤Ö¤@ÂI¡A³o¬O¤@ºØ¡C¥t¥~¤@ºØ¬O¡A§Y¨Ï¬O³o¼Ë¡A§A»¡Æ[©À¡A§Ú¬O³Q½Ö±Òµoªº¡A§Ú¬O³Q½Ö¼vÅTªº¡AÅãµMªº§Ú¤£¥i¯à¡A§Ú¤£¥i¯à¦³ì³Ð©Ê¡A¦ý¬O§Ú¬O¨ü¨ì¥Lªº±Òµo¡A¦b¥Lªº¨º¤@ÓÆ[ÂIªº©µªø©Ê¡A§@¤F¤Þ¦ù¡A§@¤F¤@¨Ç½Õ¾ã¡A³o¨ÇªF¦èn«ç»òÓ¿ì©O¡H§ÚËı±o¡A¨º¬O¥u¯à¾aµÛ¦æ¤ºªº¤Hªº¦h¼Æ¤Hªº¤ßÃÒ¡C¦ý¬O²{¦b³Â·Ðªº¬O¡A²{¦b¤Þ»â¤Hªº¤j®a¡An§â³oÓªF¦èÂà´«¦¨¬°¬O«Ü¨ãÅé¦an¥h§ì¹ú¡A¨º³oÓ§ì¹úÁÙ¸g±`¬O¤°»ò¹ú¡H¬O§â¥¦·í¦¨¬Oªk«ß°ÝÃDªº¹ú¡C§ÚËı±o¦p¦ó¦b³o¼Ëªº¤@Ó¤j·§¬Û¦Pªº³o¤@Ӥ夯¶Ç²Î¡A©ÎªÌ¬O¾Ç¬ì²ßºDªº³o¼Ëªº¤@ÓCommunity¸Ì±¡AÅý¦h¼Æ¤H³qÅó¥þ½g¤§«á¡A§Î¦¨¦h¼Æªº¤ßÃÒ¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¹³³¼f¹Î³o¼Ë¤l¡A¥h¶D½Ñ³¼f¹Îªº§PÂ_¡A¦Ó³oºØ§PÂ_¡A³Ì¦n¤£n°¨¤W¥h¡A¤]´N¬O»¡±¹ï³o¨Ç°ÝÃDªº®ÉÔ¡A¤£¥Î°¨¤W´Nn¥h±¹ï¡A¦n¹³§ÚÌn·d¥X¤@Ó«Ü©ú½Tªº¦Ó¥B«Ü¨ãÅ骺«Üªk«ß¤Æªº¨º¤@ºØ³W½d¡A³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡A¦pªG§Ú̳o¼Ë°µªº¸Ü¡A¤Ï¦Ó§ÚÌ·|±¼¤J¤@Ó¦Û¤v¸j¦Û¤vªº³´¨Àùر¥h¡A§Ú¬O±q²{¦b§ÚÌ¥xÆWªº³oÓ¤p°é°é¡A¾Ç³N¬Éªº¤p°é°é¸Ì±ªº²{¹êªº±¡ªp¡A¤@ÂI·P·Q¡A§ó¤jªº¬[ºc¨ä¹êè¤~³¯±Ð±Â³£¤w¸g½Í¹L¤F¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^²{¦b°ê¬ì·|¦³¦b§â¥¦ªk¨î¤Æªº¤@Ó¤u§@¦b°µ¡C°ê¬ì·|ªk³W¦b°µ¡A¤£¹L§Ú¤ñ¸û«ØÄ³¡A¹ê°È¤W¡A¨ä¹ê³£¬OÓ®×Ӯתº½Í¡A¤j³¡¤À¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A¼Ð·Ç¤£·|¤Ó°ª¡C¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡°Õ¡A¥Dnªº®ðª^¢w¢w¦]¬°³o¦b¦è¤è¬O¦³©v±Ðªº°ò¦ªº¡A¹³¦ã¼wµØ¥Ì°i}¡A¬ü°ê°Ñijû¡A´N¦b¤j¾Ç®ÉÔ³Q«¢¦ò¤j¾Ç¶}°£¤F¡A¥L¬O§@¹ú³Q¶}°£¡A§Ṳ́S¨S¦³³oÓ©v±Ð³oÓ°ò¦¡A§Ú̪º³o¨Ç»ùȪº·Pı´N¨S¦³³o»ò²`¡A¨ä¹ê§Ų́S¦³³oÓ¤O¶q¡A§Ų́S¦³³o»ò¤jªº¤O¶q»¡¡A¤@©wnÄY¼F³B¸m¡A§Ú·Q¥Dnªº®ðª^¬Oı±o¤£¤½¥¡C²{¦bªº³Â·Ð¦b©ó¹ê°È¬ã¨s¬O«Ü¤jµ{«×¤Wªº¤@¶ô¡A¸ò¤u§@¦³Ãö¡A¸ò¨Æ·~¦³Ãö¡A¦b²{¥NªÀ·|¤¤¡A¨Æ·~¸ò¤Hªººa°d¦³Ãö¡A¸ò¥H«e¬ìÁ|®t¤£¦h¡A©Ò¥H©O¡A´N³y¦¨¡A¦]¬°²o¯A¨ì§Q¯q¡A¦]¦¹·|¦³«Ü¤j§Q¯q¹º¤À¡A´N·|ı±o¤£¤½¥¡C¹ï¤£¤½¥ªº±¡ªp´Nn¨üÀ£§í¤@¤U¡A¨º¤]¥u¬O¬ÝӮסA©Ò¥H´N®ðª^¨ä¹êÁÙ¤£¬O»¡³B»@¡A§Úı±o¤£¬O³o¼Ë¡A¦Ó¬Oı±o³oÓ¤H¹ê¦b¤Ó¹L¤À¤F¡A¤£¤½¥¡A§Úı±o¬O³oÓ²{¶H¡A³o¨ä¹ê¤]¬O¾Ç³NÛ²z©Î¬Ointegralityªº¡A¤º®e¬O¤@Pªº¡A´N¬Oinvarious¡]02:18:46~02:18:53¡^¡A¬°¤°»òinterpretative¸òhonesty¤£§¹¥þ¤@¼Ë¡A´N¦b³o¤@ÂI¡C¦]¬°§A³o¼Ë¤£¤½¥¡A§A³o¼Ë¦n¹³¡A§O¤Hªº¦]¬°§A³o¼Ë°µ¡A³y¦¨§O¤H¦¨´N³Q®I¨S©Î¬O§A±o¨ì§Q¯q´N¤ñ§O¤H¦h¡]02:19:00¡^¡A§Úı±o®ðª^¬O³o¼Ë¡C¦Ü©ó³oÓªk¨î¤Æªº¬ö¿ý¡A§Ú¤£¬O«Ü²M·¡¡A¤£¹L¥Dn¬O¦]¬°§Ú̲{¦bªº°ê®a¦æ¬F»Ýn«Ü¦h©ú½Tªº³W½d¡A¤£¹L§Úı±o³oÓ®ðª^¤]¤£ºâ¤Ó«ç»ò¼Ë¡A¦]¬°¤½¥¹ê¦b¬O¤@Ó¤j°ÝÃD¡C¦]¬°²{¦bÅܦ¨§Q¯q¤Æ¬O¨Æ¹ê¹À¡A¨Æ·~¤Æ¬O¨Æ¹ê¹À¡A©Ò¥H¤µ¤Ñ³oÓ§Ûŧªº°ÝÃD¡A©TµM¬O»¡¡A¹³ªF¨ÈªÀ·|¦]¬°¦³¡A¥]¬A¤é¥»¾Ç¥Í§Ûŧ¤]«ÜÄY«¡A©TµM¬O¸ò¤å¤Æ¶Ç²Î¸ò§Þ³N¤è±¦³Ãö¡A¤£¹L³o¦b¦è¤è¤]Åܦ¨º¡ÄY«ªº°ÝÃD¡A¦]¬°ª½±µ¸ò¨Æ·~¤Æ¦³Ãö¡A³o¸ò¤T¤Q¦~«e§Ú§@¬ã¨sªº®ðª^¤Ñ®t¦a»·¡A³o¥i¯à¬O§ÚÌn¤@¤@±¹ïªº°ÝÃD¡C²Ä¤@´N¬O¡A§Ú̪º§Þ³N¡F²Ä¤G´N¬O³oÓ®ðª^¡C³o¨âÓ¡A«ç»ò°µ¡HÁÙÆZÃøªº¡A§Ú¤]ÃÙ¦¨³oÓn¥ý§Î¦¨¦@ÃÑ¡A©Ò¿×ªº¤ßÃÒ¡AµM«á¦AºCºC¬Ý¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^°ê¬ì·|¦bÁ¿ªº³oÓ³W¯x¡AÁöµM¦³¡u§Ûŧ¡v³oÓÄY«ªº°ÝÃD¡A¦ý¬O¤]·|®Ú¾Ú¤£¦Pªºcase¤À§O°Q½×¡A¥¦¬O¤@Ó°ò¥»ì«h¡A¦ý¬O¨C¤@Ócase¨Ã¤£¤@¼Ë¡AÄ´¦p»¡½sÄ¡¡A¦ý¬O½sÄ¡«á±ÁÙ¦³°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø¡A¥un§â©Ò¥Îªº¸ê®Æ©ñ¨ì«á±ªº°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø¡A¦b«e±Áö¨S¦³¼Ðµù¡A¨ä¹ê¤]ÁÙ¤£ºc¦¨³o¼Ëªº§Ûŧ±ø¥ó¡C©Ò¥H§Ûŧ¥u¦³§A¥Î¨ì¤@©wªº¤À¶q¡A¦ý¬O«á±¨S¦³©ñ¶i®Ñ¥Ø¡A´N¤£¯à»¡º|±¼¤F¡A¦]¬°¦pªG¬O¥Î«Ü¤Ö¦Óº|±¼¡A©|¥iì½Ì¡C¦ý¬O¦pªG¥Î¤F«Ü¦h¡AµM«á»¡º|±¼¤F¡A³oºØ±¡§Î´N¥i¥H»¡¬O¡u§Ûŧ¡v¡C¤£¹L¡A²{¦b¾ú¥vªº½×¤å«Ü¦h¤]³£¬O½×z©Êªº©Î¦ÒÃҩʪº¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^¨ººØ¡A¥J²Ó·Q¤@¤U¡AÁÙ¬O¦³¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^¾ãÓªí¡A´N¬O¾ú¥v¾Çªº¤å³¹¡A¾ú¥v¾ÇªºµÛ§@¥»¨¨ººØªíz¡Aªízªº¨ººØ§Î¦¡¡A´N¦³«Ü±jªº«Ü±jªº§Ûŧªº¡A´N¬O»¡ÄY®æ©w¸q§Ûŧªºµ{«×¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^³o¬O¼eªx©w¸q¤Uªº§Ûŧ¡CÄ´¦pè¤~Á¿ªº¡A°µ¥xÆW¥vªº³¡¥÷¡A¦a«´©TµM¤w¦s¦b¡A¦ý¬O¦³¤Hµo²{¡A¥H«eªº¤H¨S¦³¨Ï¥Î¹L¡A³o±ø¸ê®Æ©TµM¤S¬O¹Ï®ÑÀ]¨¤¸¨¸Ìªº¤@¥»®Ñ¡A³o±ø¸ê®Æ¹L¥h°µ¬ã¨s¨S¦³¨Ï¥Î¹L¡C²Ä¤@¦¸µo²{´N¥iÀu¥ý¨Ï¥Î¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^¡^©Ò¥H³o´N³Â·Ð¤F¡A¦]¬°§Aª¾¹D¡A¦b§Ú̳o¾Ç³NµûŲ·í¤¤¡A¨S¦³¥Î¥v®Æ¡A¨S¦³¥Î¨ì¤°»ò¥v®Æ¡A³Q½èºÃ±o«Ü¤j¡A¬O³Q§O¤H½èºÃªº®ÉÔ¡A«Ü¤jªº®ÉÔ¡A¤~¦³¿ìªk¡C©Ò¥H¤]´N¬O¦]¬°³o¼Ë¡A©Ò¥H¤~¥²¶·n§â¾ãÓ¬ã¨s§ï¦¨¤@ӰݰÝÃDªº¬ã¨s¡A¦Ó¥B¥Î¦Û¤vªº»y¨¥¥hªí¥Ü§Aªº¬ã¨s¦¨ªG¡A¾¨¶q¤£n»¡¬O§Aþ¸Ì¨S¤Þ§r¡B§Aþ¸Ì¨S¦³¥Î§r¡A¦pªG¬O³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡A´N¨S¦³¿ìªk¾É¥¿»¡¡A¾ãÓªº¾Ç³Nªº¬ã¨s¡A¤@ºØ¬O¦b°Q½×°ÝÃDªº¡A°Q½×§Úªº³Ð·N¡A©ÎªÌ°Q½×§Úªº·N¨£¡C§Ú±j½Õªº¬O¡Aè¤~³¯±Ð±Â©Ò»¡ªº½sÄ¡«¬ªº³o¤@ºØ¬ã¨s¨ú¦Vªº°ÝÃD¡A©Ò¥H³o¾ãÓ²o¯A¨ì§Ú̪º©Ò¿×ªº¾Ç³N¬ã¨sªº¾ãÓªº·Qªk¡A¤°»ò¥s°µ¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¡H©ÎªÌ»¡¤°»ò¬O·s®É¥Nªº¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¡H ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¤j³°¾Ç·|±j½Õ¡A³o¤@±ø¸ê®Æ©ÎªÌ»¡³o¤@ºØ¸ê®Æ¡A¬O§Úµo²{ªº´N¥s¡uµo²{Åv¡v¡A¹L¥h¨Ã¨S¦³¤H¥Î¹L¡C¦b³o¤@¦æ¦b°µ³o¤@Ó¬ã¨sªº³o±ø¸ê®Æ¹L¥h¨S¦³³Q¥Î¹L¡A¤£ºÞ³oÓ¸ê®Æ«ç»ò¨Óªº¡A´N¦³¡uµo²{Åv¡v¡C¦ý¬O¦pªG¹³§A³o¼ËÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A³oÓ¦³¨S¦³µo²{Åv¡H ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¨ºÓ¡A§â¨ºÓ¬ì¾ÇªºÆ[©Àdiscoverªº¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^´N´«¥y¸Ü»¡ ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¬ì¾Ç¦³®ÉÔ³£¬O¦b¨º¸Ì¹À¡I ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¹ï¡I¦ý¬O¦]¬°¹L¥h¨S¦³¨Ï¥Î³oÓ¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^´N¬O§ÚÌn¾¨¶q§â¥¦Åܦ¨¤@ӳгyªºªF¦è¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥hµo²{ªF¦è¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¨ºn§ó°ª¤F¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^¦b§Ú̳oӾǪù¡Aè¤~³¯±Ð±Â½Í¹Lªº¡A´N¬O°ò¥»¤W³o¨ÇªF¦è¬O«ç»ò¼Ë¡A¤j³¡¤ÀÁÙ¬O¤j®a¦@¨Éªº¥v®Æò¡A¦³¤@¨Ç¾Çªù¡A¦Ò¥j¾Ç¦n¤F¡A³oÓ§|§Ú«õ¡A©Ò¥H§Ú¥Î¥¦¨Ó¶i¦æ¬ã¨sªº®ÉÔ¡A§O¤H¬O¨S¦³¿ìªk¥i¥H¥h¡AÄ´¦p»¡¡A§Ú̱`±`¹³¾ú¥v¾Çªº¡A§A·|¥Îµù¹À¡A¥hÅý¤H®a¥i¥H¥hÅçÃÒ³oÓÃÒ¾Ú¡A³oÓ§Ú«õ¤F¤§«á¡A¦b§Úªº¬ã¨s«Ç¡A§A«ç»ò¥hÅçÃÒ¥LªºÃÒ¾Ú©O¡H©Ò¥H³o¬O§ó¥[ªºÄY«¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¹ï¡IÄ´¦p»¡°µ¥xÆW¥vªº¡A²{¦b¦³«Ü¦hªº¦a«´¡A¦pªG¬O§A¥Îªº¡A©Î¸ò¬Y¤@Ó®a±Úcopy¨Ó¡A§O¤H®Ú¥»´N¥Î¤£¨ì¡A´N¥²¶·n¡u¸Û¥¿¡v¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¨Ì¸ê®Æ¦b°µ³o¼Ëªº½×z¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¤£¬O¡C^¤å¾Ç¬É¤£ã¥Î¨S¦³¤½¶}¤ÆªºÃÒ¾Ú¾ú¥v¸ê®Æ¡A¥ĻóÄY®æ¡A°²¦p´«¥y¸Ü»¡§A¨S¦³¤½¶}¤Æ¡A´N¤£¯à¤Þ¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¦pªG»¡¡A§A¬ã¨s³oÓ¤½À]ªº¦a«´¢w¢w ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¤@©wn¤½¶}¤Æ¤~¯à ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¤½¶}¤Æ¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¹ï¹ï¡A´N§O¤H¦Ü¤Ö¬Ý±o¨ì¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^¦Ü¤Ö³o¤@§åªF¦è¡A¥x¤j¹Ï®ÑÀ]§A¥h¥Î¡A§A¤]¥i¥H¬Ý±o¨ì°Õ¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^©Î¬O¦b¥L®a¡A¥L¥i¥H¤½¶}¤Æ¡A¤£¹L¨SªÅ¶}¤Æ¡A¤£¯à¤Þ¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^©Ò¥H»¡Ä´¦p¢w¢w ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^ì«h¤W¢w¢w ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^Ä´¦p»¡¶Rªº¡An¦³¤@¥bªº³d¥ô»¡¡A³oÓ¦a«´¥i¥HÅý§O¤H¥hÀËÅç¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¹ï¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^§ÚªºÃÒ¾Ún¥i¥H³QÀËÅ窺¹À¡Cªü¨ºµL«¨¡A©Ò¥H©Ç¤£±o§Ú«õ³o«¨¹À¡AµM«á§Ú¦Û¤v¼g¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^©Ò¥H^¤å¾Ç¬Éªºì«h¡A¤£¬O¦Ê¤À¤§¦Ê¡A¦Ê¤À¤§¤E¤Q¤EÂI¤E¡A¦]¬°¦³¨Ò¥~¡A¦³¤Ö¼Æ¨Ò¥~¡A¥i¬O°ò¥»¤W´N¬O³o¼Ë¡A´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¦pªGÄY®æ¥Zª«¡A³oÓÃҾڬݤ£¨ì¡A®Ú¥»´N¤£±µ¨ü§Aªº½×¤å¡A°£«D§A¯à°÷Åý«OÃÒ»¡§O¤H¯à¬Ý±o¨ì¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^©Ò¥H»¡³s¤fzªº¸ê®Æ¡A³Ì«áÀɮפ]nÂk¤½¡A³oÓ¤~¬O¦³¸Û«H¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¤fz¤ñ¸û½ÆÂøªº¦a¤è¡A´N¦]¬°§A¤£¥i¯àµoªí©Ò¦³ªF¦è¹À¡A¥i¬O§AÁ`n¦b¬YÓµ{«×¤W§O¤H¯à°÷access¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^¹ï¡CÄ´¦p»¡¡A¥¦·|»¡¡A¦b¤°»ò®ÉÔ¦b¤°»ò¦a¤è³X°Ý¤F½Ö¡A»¡¤£©w¨º³X°Ý¤F½Ö¡A¨ºÓ¤H§A¥²¶·¦]¬°Áô¨pÅv§A¥²¶·Áô±¼¥L¡A¦ý¬O¦b¤°»ò®ÉÔ§Ú¦bþ¸Ì³X°Ý¡AÅý¤H®a¦³¦Ü¤Ö¦³¬YºØµ{«×ªº¥i¥H¥hÀ˵ø¤@¤U¹À¡AµM«á§A»¡»Ýnªº¸Ü¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¤µ¤Ñ¦¤W¡AÃC±X¶§±Ð±Â¥L»{¬°¡A§÷®Æ¤£¬O¥ô¦ó¤H©Ò¦³¡A¨ä¹êÆZ¹³³oÓ¡A©Ò¦³ÃÒ¾Ú³£¥²¶·n¤½¶}¤Æ¡AµM«á§A¤~¯à¾ã²z¥L¡A©Ò¥H³Q¼x¤Þªº®ÉÔ¡A¤]¤£¬OÓ¤Hªº°]²£¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^§Úı±oµ¥¤@¤U§Ú̽ͤå¾Ç¡A¦]¬°Ã¹ªL±Ð±Â¤]ºâ¬O¬ã¨s¤å¾Çªº¡A¤£¹L¥Î¦è¤èªº¤è¦¡¡Aµ¥¤@¤U¤]³\´N½Í½Í¤å¾Ç¡C¦]¬°ÃC±Ð±Â¥LÁ¿ªº¡A³o¤]¥Nªí¤@ºØÆ[©À¡C§A̬O¾ú¥vªº¡A¾ú¥v´N¦bÛ²z¾Çªù¸Ì±¡A¤@¦V³Q»{¬°¸û±µªñ¬ì¾Ç¡A©Î¬Oºë¯«¤W¬O¬ì¾Ç¹êÃÒªº¡A¦ý¬O¤å¾Ç¬O¤£¬On¦b¬Y¤@³¡¥÷¹³¡A¬Y¤@³¡¥÷¤£¥²¡H³oˬOµ¥¤@¤U¥i¥H°Q½×ªº¡C¦]¬°³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡A´N¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¨Ó¡AÁöµM¤å¥v¤å¥v¤£¤À®a¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¦b³B²z§÷®Æ¤W±¡A¬O¦³¤@ÂI¤£¦P¡C ¡]¹ù¬ü¥É¡^¥ý¶i¡A«Ü°ª¿³¯à¦³³oÓ¾÷·|¨Ó±µÄ²³o¤@¤è±ªº«Ü¦h°T®§¡A¯S§O¤µ¤Ñ¦³¹ê»Úªº¥æ½Í¸Ì±¡A±o¨ìªº±Òµo¬Û·í¦a¦h¡C§Ú«D±`¦P·N³¯±Ð±Â©Ò½Íªº¡A¾Ç³N¬ã¨s°ò¥»¤W¨ÓÁ¿¬OÄÝ©óÓ¤Hªº¤@Ó¿³½ì¡A©Ò¥H«ÜÂQ©¹¿ï¾Ü¾Ç³N¬ã¨s³o±ø¸ô¡A¨º»ò°ò¥»¤W¬O¥Î¦Û¤vªº³ß¦n¥h¾\Ū¡B¥h²z¸Ñ¡B¥h¼¶¼g¡C¤¤°êªº¶Ç²Î¤å¤Æ¸Ì±¡A¦³¤@¥y¸Ü¥s¡u³¬ªùµÛ®Ñ¡v¡A³¬ªùµÛ®Ñ¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A©Ò¿×ªº¾Ç³N³W½d¤]¦n¡A³o¨Ç°ÝÃD¤j·§´N¤£·|¥X²{¡C·|¥X²{¤j·§¬O¦b±Ð±Â¤Éµ¥ªº®ÉÔ¡A¦]¬°¦³¤£¦Pªº¾Ç¬£¡A´N·|©¼¦¹¥hÃöª`¹ï¤è©Ò½Íªº¡B©Ò¤Þ¥Îªº¸ê®Æ¡A¸ò§Ú©Ò½Íªº³o¨Ç¦³¤°»òªº¤£¦P¡H¥i¬O¦b§Ú̲{¥Nªº¾Ç³N¬ã¨sÀô¹Ò¸Ì±¡A¦³¤@ÂI³Q¹GµÛn¨«¥X¡u³¬ªùµÛ®Ñ¡v³o¼Ë¤@Ó©¯ºÖªºÀô¹Ò¡C¦]¬°§Ú̩Ҭݨ쪺¡A§Ú°O±o±µÄ²ªº¡A¤j·§³Ìªñ¦³Ãö¾Ç³NÛ²zªº®×¥ó¡B¦³Ãö§Ûŧªº®×¥ó¡A¦³·U¨Ó·U¦hªºÁͶաC³o¼ËªºÁͶո̱¡A´NÅܱo§ÚÌ¥²¶·¥h±¹ïªº°ÝÃD¡A¤£¦A¥u¬OÓ¤Hªº¿³½ì¡A¦ÓÀ³¸Ón¦^¨ì¾ãÓÀô¹Òªº³W½d©M»Ý¨D¡A¦b³o¸Ì±¡A©Ò¦³ªº¾Ç³NÛ²z®×¥ó¡A¤ñ¦p»¡§Ûŧ®×¥óªº¥X²{¡A§Ú²³æ¦aÂk¯Ç¤@¤U¡A¤j·§¥X²{¦b´XÓ±¡ªp¡G¤@Ó¬O¤Éµ¥ªº³¡¥÷¡A¤@Ó¬O¥Ó½Ð¬ã¨sp¹ºªº®ÉÔ¡A¥t¤@Ó´N¬O§ë½Z´Á¥ZÂø»xªº®ÉÔ¡A¼f¬d¤]·|³Qµo²{¡C ¥t¥~¡A¦b¤J¾Ç¦Ò¸Õªº³¡¥÷¡A§Ṳ́]´¿¸gµo²{¹L¡C¥t¥~¡A½Ò°óªº³ø§i¡C³o¤@¨Ç³£·|³Qµo²{¦³¾Ç³N§Ûŧªº°ÝÃD¦s¦b¡C³o¸Ì±¡A¤]´N¬O³¯±Ð±Â©Ò½Í¨ìªº©Ò¿×±M·~ªº³oÓ°ÝÃD¡A¦]¬°©Ò¦³ªº³o¤@¨Ç·|¥X²{¾Ç³NÛ²z¡B¾Ç³N³W½dªº°ÝÃD¡A¤j·§³£·|¯A¤Î¨ìÅv§Qªº³¡¤À¡C¨ºÅv§Qªº³¡¥÷¥]¬A¦³§Q¯qªº·N«ä¦b¸Ì±¡A§ó©ú½T¦a¸òªk«ß¦³Ãöªº´N¬O©Ò¿×ªº±M§Q¡C¨º³oºØ±¡ªp©³¤U¡A§ÚÌn¨«¥X¦U¤Hªº¬ã¨sªº»â°ì¡A¶i¤J¾Ç³N¬É¸Ì±©M¦P¾«¥h§@¹ï¸Üªº®ÉÔ¡A¤£¥iÁ×§K¦an¥h±¹ï³o¼Ëªº°ÝÃD¡C¤£¹L³oÓ°ÝÃD¤]¸Û¦p¦U¦ì²{¦b©Ò½Íªº¬O¤@ӫܽÆÂø¡A¥Ø«eÁÙ¯d¦³¬Û·í¤jªº¤@Ó¼Ò½k©Êªº¤@ӪŶ¡¡C³Ì§xÂZªº¦a¤è¡A¤j·§¬O§Ú̯à´x´¤ªº¸ê°T¨ä¹ê¬O¬Û·í¦³¡A§Ú̯à¥h½Í¡B§Ú̦p¦ó¥h¦Û§Ú³W½d¡C¨º¨ì©³«ç»ò¼Ëªº¤@Ó³W½d¡A·|½ò¨ì©³½u¡H¦³³o¼Ë¤@Ó¨Òµý¡A°ò¥»¤W¨ÓÁ¿¥Ø«e¨Ã¨S¦³³Q¤Þ¥Î¡B³Q°Q½×¡A©Ò¦³ªºÓ®×¸Ì±¡A¸g±`³£¥u¬O¤º³¡ªº¸ê®Æ¡A§A¯à¬Ý¨ì¤F¸Ñªº¡A¨ä¹ê³£¬O«Ü¦³ªº¡A¤j³¡¥÷¨ä¹ê§Ú̳q±`³£¤£ª¾¹D¡C¨º»ò¡A¤°»ò¼Ëªº±¡ªp©³¤U¥i¯à·|½ò¨ì¬õ½u¡A¤°»ò¼Ëªº±¡ªp©³¤U¬O¨S¦³°ÝÃDªº¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ó»¡¡A¤]¬O¨ºÓ¤½¥ªº°ÝÃD¡A¦³³Q´£¥X¨Ó´N¦³°ÝÃD¡A¨S¦³³Q´£¥X¨Óªº°ÝÃD¨ì©³¦³¦h¤Ö¡A¥Ñ³oÃä©Ò´£¨Ñªº¸ê®Æ¸Ì±¡A§Ú¦Û¤v´N¦³³\¦h¨S¦³¯B¤W枱±ªº³¡¤À¡C èèµ¹§Úªº¸ê®Æ¸Ì±¡A§Ú¦³µo²{¨ì¦³´Xӫܦ³½ìªº²{¶H¡A©Ò¥H¤@¶}©l§Ú¥i¯à±q´XÓµü»y¨Ó½Í°_¡C±q¥j±Ð±Â©Ò½Í¤@¶}©l©Ò½Íªº¬O§Ûŧ¡Aµ¹§Úªº¸ê®Æ¸Ì±¡A§Ú¬Ý¨ì¡u¾Ç³NÛ²z¡v¡B¡u¾Ç³N³W½d¡vªº³o´XÓ¦WºÙ¡A³o´XÓ¦W¦A¨ì©³¦³¨S¦³®t§O¡HÁÙ¬O»¡¥L̨ä¹ê¬Ûµ¥ªº¡H¤ñ¸û·sªº°T®§¸Ì±¡A°²¦p§Ú̦b°µ¼f¬dªº®ÉÔ¡A´N¥i¥Hµo²{¨ì¡Aì¨Óªº´N¬O¤Ä¿ïÄæ¸Ì±¡A¥u¦³§Ûŧ¡A¯A¤Î§Ûŧªº¤@ӤĿïÄæ¡A¦ý¬O³Ìªñ¦h¤F¤@Äæ¡A³o·íµM¬O§ÚÌ¥h«ØÄ³¼W¥[ªº¡A·s¼Wªº¤@Äæ¥s°µ¹H¤Ï¾Ç³NÛ²z¡C³o¼Ë¤@Ó¤À¿ë¸ÌÀY¡A§i¶D§Ú̧Ûŧ¸ò¾Ç³NÛ²z¨ä¹ê¤£¤@¼Ëªº¡C©Ò¥H¡A§Ú¹Á¸Õ¥Î§Ú¹ïµü·J¤Wªº²z¸Ñ¨Ó°µ³o¼Ë¤lªº¤@Ó¤À¿ë¡C³oÓ¤À¿ë¤£µ¥©ó¤@Ó¬ù§ô©Ê¡A¥u¦³Åé·|¡C´Nµü·JªºÅé·|¨Ó¬Ýªº¸Ü¡A§ÛŧÀ³¸Ó¬O¦³¥Ç¸o©Êªº¡A¾Ç³NÛ²zªº¸ÜÀ³¸Ó¬OÁ¿¤Ñ¤U¹D¼w©Êªº¸Û«Hì«hªº°ÝÃD¡A¾Ç³N³W½dªº¸ÜÀ³¸Ó¤ñ¸ûÄÝ©ó§Þ³N¼h±¡A¥]§tì¤å®æ¦¡¡Bµ{§Çªºì«h¡C¨º»ò¡A¤£¦Pªº¾Çªù¡A¤£¦Pªº»â°ì¸Ì±¡A¦³¨Ì¥¦ªº¥Ø¼Ð¸ò¥\¯à¦Ó«Ø¥ßªº¤@ºØ¼Ð·Ç¤è¦¡¡C§Ú¹Á¸Õ³o¼Ë¤À¡A¦ý§Ú̦b¹ê»Úªº¹ê¨Ò¸ÌÀY·|µo²{¨ì¾Ç³N³W½d©M¾Ç³NÛ²z«í±`¬O³Q²V¥Îªº¡A¦]¬°¦³ÂI³W½d¦n¹³¤]«ÜÃø¥h§â¥¦¤À¶}¨Ó¡Aèè¡A¤]´N¬O³¯±Ð±Â½Íªº¡A¦³¨Ç¬OÄݤ媺¡A¦³¨Ç¬OÄݽפ媺³¡¤À¡A·íµM¤]¦³³o»òªº¤@Ó²{¶H¡A³o¸Ì±·|¥X²{ªº±¡ªp¡A¤ñ¦p»¡¨ãÅ骺¨Ó½Í¡A§Ûŧ¬O¦³¥Ç¸o©Êªº¡C §Ú¦³¨âÓ«D±`©ú½Tªº¨Ò¤l¡C ¤ñ¦p»¡¾Ç®Õ¾Ç³ø¡A¦³¤@¦¸µ¹¥L¤@½g½Z¤l½Ð¥L¼f¬d¡A¥L¤@¬Ý¨ì³oÓ½Z¤l«D±`¼ô±x¡A±qÀY¬Ý¨ì§À¡A®Ú¥»´N¬O§Úªº½×¤å¹À¡A¥L¦Û¤vªº½×¤å¡A§ë·dªº¬O¤@Ó³Õ¤h¯Zªº¾Ç¥Í¡A¥i¨£³oÓ§Ûŧªº¥Ç·N¬O«D±`©ú½Tªº¡A±qÀY¨ì§À³£¥´¡A´«Ó¦W¦r¡A¤]¤£¶K³oӾǪ̬O¦b¨ºÓ¾Ç®ÕªA°È¡A´N§ë¨ì¥L¨ºÓ¾Ç®Õªº¥Zª«¸Ì±¡A³o¼Ëªº¤@Ó¦æ®|¡A¾Ç¥Í¥»¨¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¤£¦A¶È¶È¬O§ÚÌì¨Ó©Ò¿×ªº¿³½ì¡A¥L´N§â³o¤@Ó¤u§@·í§@¾·~¡F¥L»Ýn¦³¤@¨Ç·~ÁZªº®ÉÔ¡A´N¨«¤@Ó¨ú¥©¥Ç¸oªº³~®|¡C¥t¥~¤@Ó¨Ò¤l´N¬O»¡¡A§Ú¦b§@·~¸Ì±¡An¾Ç¥Í´N¬Y¤@Ó¥DÃD¥h°µ¤@Ó¤åÄmªº¦^ÅUªº¤u§@¡A¦³ªº¾Ç¥Í´Nµo²{³o¼Ë¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡A´N¬O»¡¥LÁ¿¨ì¤F¨â½g½×¤å¡A§Úµ¹¥Lªºn¨D¡A¤]¬O¥Ø«eªº¾Ç³N³W½d¡A´N¬O½×¤ån¶V·s¶V¦n¡A¥L´N¨ú³Ì·sªº¡A¦Ó¥B«á±«Ü¤£¦wªºªþµù¡A¥L¬Ý¤F¥t¥~¤@½g½×¤å¡A§¹¥þ¤@¼Ë¡A¦ý¬O¦W¦r¤£¤@¼Ë¡A¤@¶}©lµo²{¨ì³o¤@ÂI¡A¨â½g³£¤w¸gµo±¼¤F¡A«ç»ò¿ì¡H¤å¦r§¹¥þ¤@¼Ë¡A§@ªÌ¤£¤@¼Ë¡A¨Ì·Ó§Úªº²z½×¡A¥H·sªº¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡Aªº¨º¤@Ó¨ä¹ê´N·|n»\±¼¡A©Ò¥H³o¸Ì±¡A©Ò¦³§Ûŧ³£¬O«D±`©úÅ㪺½d¨Ò¡C ²Ä¤GÓ¡A§Ún½Í¨ì¡A³oÓ©Ò§e²{ªº¤@¨Ç²{¶H¡A´£¨Ñ¤j®a¨Ó°µ«ä¦Ò¡C¤]´N¬O¡A¦b§ÛŧÃþ¦üªº®×¥ó¸Ì±¡A¥L¥i¯à¤ñ¸û°¾¾Ç³NÛ²zªº³¡¤À¡C¤W½ÒªºÁ¿¸q¡A¾Ç¥Í®³¥hµoªíªº³¡¤À¡A¹ï±Ð¾Ç¡B¾Ç³N¬ã¨sªº³¡¤À¡A¦³«Ü¦h«Ü¦h°Q½×¨ì¡A®×¨Ò¦³«Ü¦h¹ê»Úªº¨Ò¤l¡A§Ṳ́£¥ÎÁ|¨Ò¡C´Nªkªº¼h±¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò¡A¤W½ÒªºÁ¿¸q´NµÛ§@Åv¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A¥L¨ä¹ê¬O¤£ºâªº¡A¦]¬°¥Ø«eªºµÛ§@Åv¥u«OoªíÅvªí¹F¡A¥L¤£«Oî¦Æ[©À¡A©Ò¥H«Ü¦h«ü¾É¦Ñ®v³£áà¡A´N¬OÆ[©À§Úµ¹§A³sÃD¥Ø³£µ¹§A¡A¦ý¬O«Ü®ð¡A¦]¬°µÛ§@Åv¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A¥u«Oí¹F¤£«Oî¦Æ[©À¡A³o¬O«D±`©ú½Tªº¡A¨º§ÚÌ´N·|±Á{è賯±Ð±Âè¤~¤]´£¨ì¡A¤ñ¦p»¡§Ú̦³¨Ò¤l¢w¢wÅ¥§ÚÁ¿¨Ò¤l·|¤ñ¸û©ú½T¤@ÂI¡A¾Ç¥Í·íµM«Ü²M·¡¡AÆ[©À¬O¦Ñ®vµ¹ªº¡A½Ò°ó¤W°Q½×¥X¨Óªº¡A¥L´N¼¶¼g¤F¥h§ë·d¡A§ë·d¡A«á¨Ó´N¼g¤F¤@«Ê«Hµ¹§Ú¡A¥L§i¶D§Ú»¡¡A§Úªº½×¤å¡A¥þ³¡³£¦b½Ò°ó¤W¨ü¦Ñ®vªº±Òµo¡A¦Ñ®v¤@ª½³£¦³¥Îªº¸ê®Æ¡A¤£¹L§Úı±o½×¤å¼gªº¤£¦n¡A©Ò¥H§Ú´N¤£´±§â§Aªº¦W¤l¡A©ñ¦b§Úªº·PÁ¦W³æ¸Ì±¡A¨º·íµM´N¨Ó¤@Ó®v¥ÍÃö«Y¨Ó¡]09:46¡^Á¿ªº¸Ü¡A§Ṳ́£·|¦b·N¡A¥i¬Oªø¤[¥H©¹ªº®ÉÔ¡A³oÓ´N¬O©Ò¿×ªº§Ú·|½Í¨ì¾Ç³NÛ²zªº³oºØÆ[©À¡B³oºØ°ÝÃD¡A·íµM¤]¥]§t³ÕºÓ¤h½×¤åªº³¡¤À¡A«ü¾É¦Ñ®vªº°^Äm¨ì©³¦b¨º¸Ì¡A±Ð¨|³¡³Ì·sªº¤@Ó³W½d¸Ì±´N¬O»¡¡A°£«D«ü¾É±Ð±Â¦³°Ñ»P¼¶¼g¡A¥L´N¬O±qµÛ§@ÅvªkªºÆ[©À¡A±qªí¹Fªº¤è¦¡°Ñ»P¼¶¼g¤~ºâ¡Cµ¹¤FÆ[©À¡Aµ¹¤F¤èªk¡Aµ¹¤Fµ{§Ç¡A³£¤£ºâ¡A©Ò¥H³o¸Ì±´N¬O»¡¦b¹CÀ¸³W«h¤W¡A¨º»ò½T¹ê¬O¦³«Ü¦h¡A¹ê»Ú¤Wn¥h°Q½×ªº®ÉÔ¡A¶Õ¥²¬On¯A¤Î¨ìªº¤@Óªk«ßªº¤@Ó¼h±¡A¦Ñ¤@½ú¾ÇªÌ¦b°µ¬ã¨sªº®ÉÔ¡A¤£¥h¾á¼~³o¤è±ªº°ÝÃD¡AµM«á´N·|µo²{¨ì¦Û¤v«Ü¦hªºµÛ§@Åv³£¤£¨£¤F¡A³£¬y¥¢¤F¡A·íµM³o¸Ì±¤]±µ¨ü¨ì´N¬Oì³Ðªº¨ºÓ´£¥X¨Óªº¤H¡A¥t¥~¤@Ó¬O¹Î¶¤¤§¶¡¡A§Ú̲{¦b³£¥Î¬ã¨s¹Î¶¤ÁÙ¦³§U²z¡]10:51¡^¡A§Ṳ́]¸I¹L¡A´N¬O¥D«ù¤H¸ò§U²z¤§¶¡¡A¨ì©³µÛ§@Åv©Ò¦³ÅvÄÝ©ó½Ö¡A³oÓ°ÝÃD¤]¥X²{¹L¡C ¥t¥~¤@Ó´N¬Oèè¤]´£¨ì´N¬O»¡Â½Z·s¥Zªº°ÝÃD¡A¨ºÂ½Z·s¥Zªº°ÝÃD¡A¥Ø«eÁÙ±Á{¥t¥~¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡A´N¬O©Ò¿×¤£¦P¤å¦rªºÂ½Ä¶½Z°ÝÃD¡A¦]¬°´N¦b¨«°ê»Ú¤Æ¡A·|¨ì°ê¥~¥hµoªí½×¤å¡A¨º°ê¥~ªº½×¤å³W½d¸ò°ê¤ºªº¤£¤@¼Ë¡A¤¤¤å¾Ç¬É¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A°ê¤ºªº½g´T³£¤ñ¸ûªø¤@ÂI¡A°ê¥~¬O¤ñ¸ûµu¤@ÂI¡A©Ò¥H§Ú´N¸I¨ì¤@Ó¦P¾«¡A¥L´N«Ü§xÂZªº°Ý§Ú¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡A¥L¦b¤é¥»µo®i½×¤å¡A¤é¥»¬ã°Q·|µoªí½×¤å¥H«án¥Zµn¡A¥L̨ä¹ê¬O«ö·Ó½ú¥÷¡B¨¤À¨Ó¨M©wµ¹§A¦h¤Ö¦r¡A©Ò¥H¥L´N¥Ñ3000¦r¡AºCºC¼W¥[¨ì²{¦b¤w¸g¦³5000¦r¡A¨º5000¦r¤w¸g¦³«Ü¤jªº¶i¨B¤F¡A¥i¬O´N³o5000¦r´N¤@Ó°ÝÃDªº½×z§¹¾ã¤¤¬O¤£°÷ªº¡A©Ò¥H¥L¤S±q·s¥Î¬Û¦Pªº¸ê®Æ¼g¤F¤@Ó§ó²M·¡¡B§¹¾ãªº¤@¨â¸U¦rªº½×¤å¡A¦b¤Éµ¥ªº»Ý¨D¸Ì±¡A³o¨â½g°²¦p¦P®ÉÂ\¤W¨Óªº¸Ü¡A¨S¦³ª`·N´N¨S¦³ª`·N¨ì¡A¦³ª`·Nªº¤H´N·|ª`·N¨ì¥L¬O©Ò¿×ªº¦Û§Ú§Ûŧªº°ÝÃD¡A´N·|³Q«ü¥X¨Ó¡C§Ṳ́]´¿¸g¬Ý¨ì¹L³o¼Ëªº¤@Ó¨Ò¤l¡A¥L¦b¤j³°µoªí¡A½g´T¤ñ¸ûµu¡A§ï¼g¤§«á¡A¦¨¬°§¹¾ãªº½×¤å¡A¦]¬°¤H®aªº¬ã°Q·|n¨D½×¤å¶°¡]12:31¡^¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¼f¬d©eû´N«ü¥X¡A¥Lªº½×¤å¡A¬O¦Û¤v§Ûŧ¦Û¤vªº²{¶H¡A³o¤S¬O¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡A¦p¦ó¥h½×Â_¡H³£·|¬O¤£Â_¦al¥Í¡C¨º¥t¥~´N¬Op¹º¸ò½×¤å¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¡Ap¹º¼gªº½×¤å¡A¦³ªº®ÉÔ¡A¦P¤@Óp¹º¡A¤£¤@©w¦V¦P¤@Ó³æ¦ì¥h¥Ó½Ð¡A¥HP©ó»¡¡A³oӽפ媺ÂkÄݨ쩳¦b¨ºÓp¹º¸Ì±[¡AÁÙ¬O¦Û¤v¿W¥ßªº]¡H³oÓ°ÝÃD¡A¹ê»Ú¤W¤]¥X²{¤F¡A§Ṳ́]¸I¨ì¹L¡C §Ú¦]¬°¦³¾÷·|¬Ý¨ì¹L¤ñ¸û¦hªº[¹H¤Ï¾Ç³NÛ²z]¹ê»Ú¥i¥H´£¥X¨Ó°Q½×ªº®×¨Ò¡A©Ò¥H§Ú·|Âk¯Ç¥X¡A¤jÅé¤W¨ÓÁ¿¡A¦³³o´XÓ°ÝÃD¡A·|´£¥X¨Ó°Q½×ªº¡C ±µ¤U¨Ó²Ä¤G³¡¤À¡A§Ún½Íªº¬O»{©wªº°ÝÃD¡C¦³¤H´£¥X¨Ó¬O´£¥X¨Ó¡A¦p¦ó»{©w¡H½Ö¨Ó»{©w¡H¨º»{©wªº¨Ì¾Ú¨ì©³¬O¤°»ò¡H¨º¬O²Ä¤G³¡¤À§ÚÌn½Íªº¡C°ò¥»¤W¡A»{©w¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A§Ûŧ¬O«D±`©ú½Tªº¤@ºØ¶ÑÅѪº¦æ¬°¡A¬O¤£³Q¤¹³\ªº¡C¾Ç³N³W½dªº³¡¥÷¡A¦³©Ò¿×ªº¥¢§Ç¡]13¡¦43¡^ªº°ÝÃD¡A¾Ç³NÛ²zªº³¡¤À¦³·å²«ªº°ÝÃD¡C¤ñ¦p»¡¦b¥Îµü¤W´N·|°µ¤@ӰϤÀ¡A°ò¥»¤WÁÙ¨S¦³¨ì§Ûŧªº³¡¥÷¡A¦ý¬O¦b¾Ç³NÛ²z¤W¤£µL·å²«¡A©Î¬O»¡©úÅã¬O¦³·å²«ªº¡C¨Ì¾Ú³o¤£¦Pªº±¡ªp¡A´N·|¦³¤£¦Pªº³B²z¼Ò¦¡©Î³B²zì«h¡C¨º¦b³o¸Ì±¦³Ãö»{©wªº³¡¥÷¡A²Ä¤@Ó¬O¦³·NÁÙ¬OµL·N¡A¦³·Nªº¸Ü¬OÄÝ©ó³y°²ªº¡A¨º»ò¯Ê¥F¾Ç³N§e²{ªºì«h³o³¡¥÷¡A¬O©ú½Tªº¡CµL·Nªº¸Ü¡A¤j·§¦³¤@ºØ¬O¤£¼ô±x³W½d¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ó»¡³W½d¨ä¹ê¤]¬O¤£©ú½T¡A³W½d¤]¤@ª½¦bÅܤơA¤£¦Pªº»â°ì¦³¤£¦Pªº³W½d¡A§Y¨Ï¬O¦P¤@Ó»â°ìªº¸Ü¡A¤£¦PªºI´º¤]¦³¤£¦Pªº³W½d¡A¤£¦Pªº®É´Á¤]¦³¤£¦Pªº³W½d¡A³o¸Ì±¦]¬°¤£¼ô±x¡A»~½ò¤F¬õ½u¡C ¥t¥~¤]¦³¤@ºØ¡A´N¤¤¤å¾Ç¬É¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A¬O¤£¦b¥G¾Ç³N³W½d¡C§Ú¤@¦V¬O³o¼Ë¤l³Q°V½m¥X¨Óªº¡A§Úªº¦Ñ®v¤]¬O³o¼Ë¤l¡C¨º¬O¤@ºØ©µÄò©Ê¡A´N¤£À³¸Ó¦¨¬°°ÝÃD¡A¦b¥L¨ÓÁ¿¤£À³¸Ó¬O¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡C¦b§Ú̳oÓ¦~¥Nªº¾ÇªÌ¸Ì±¡A·|¤ñ¸û§ó¨¯Wªºn¥h¤F¸Ñ¨ì§ÚÌ·íªì¾Çªº¬O¤@®M¡A¨«¹L¬Y¤@Ó¶¥¬q¬O¤@®M¡C¨ì¤F³Ìªñªº¬Y¤@Ó¶¥¬q¡A·|n¨D¤ñ¸ûÄYÂÔªº¤åÄm¦^ÅUªº³o¤@³¡¤À¡A¤ñ¸û·sªº¡A¹³§d±Ð±Â©Ò½Íªº¡A·|¤ñ¸û¦b·N¤@Å馡¡B´£°Ý¦¡ªº³oÓ³W½d¡A³o¨âªÌ¨ä¹ê¤]¤£¤@¼Ë¡C³o¸Ì±·N«ä¬O»¡¤£¼ô±x©Î¬O¯¥Í¾Ç³N³W½d¡A³y¦¨ªº»~½ò¬õ½u¡A¾ÇªÌ«Ü§V¤O«Ü»{¯u¡C¦]¦¹¡AnIt³o¼Ë¤lªº³±¼v¡A¯S§O¬O¦³¾ÇªÌ«Ü¦b¥G¡A¥HP©ó¦]¦¹¡A§ÚÅ¥¹L´XÓ¨Ò¤l¡A³y¦¨¤F¦³¤@ÂIºë¯«¤W¡A¤D¦Ü©ó¦Û¼É¦Û±ó¡C§Úı±o«D±`¥i±¤¡C³o¤@³¡¤ÀÀ³¸Ón«Ü©ú½Tªº¥h¹º¤À¡A´N¬O¦³¥Ç·N¸òµL¥Ç·Nªº³¡¥÷¤À¶}¨Ó³B²z¡C¸Ì±·íµM¦³¤@¨Ç¥i°Q½×ªºªÅ¶¡¡A¦]¬°¨ì©³¦³¥Ç·N¡BµL¥Ç·N³o¬O¤@Ó¥DÆ[ªº»{©w¡A°Q½×ªºªÅ¶¡¨ì©³¦bþ¸Ì¡H§Ú¤]¨Ì¾Ú¤u§@§{µ¹§Úªº¸ê®Æ¡A¹Á¸Õ±q³oÓ¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A²Ä¤@Ó´N¬Oè½Í¨ìªº¸ê®Æªº°ÝÃD¡A¤å¥»ªº°ÝÃD¡A¤å¥»¸Ì±¥i¤£¥i¥H¡e±q¤£¦P¨¤«×¡f«½Æ³Q¡]16¡¦32¡^¤Þ¥Î¡H´N¯A¤Î¨ì¦P¤@Ӥ奻·|¦³¤£¦Pªº¸àÄÀ¡A©Î¬O·|¦³¤£¦Pªº²Õ¦X´N§e²{¤£¦Pªº·N¸q¡A¨ì©³¥i¤£¥i¥H¡H°²¦pn¦u¦í¤å¥»©Ò¿×ªºµo²{¡A¤£ã¤H®a¥h¤Þ¥Îªº®ÉÔ¡A¨º´N·|¯A¤Î¨ì¡A³oÓµo²{¬O«Ü¥i±¤ªº¡A¥¦¨S¦³µo´§À³¦³ªº·N¸q¡AÀ³¦³ªº»ùÈ¡C©Ò¥H¤å¥»¥»¨ªº¤£¦P¸àÄÀ¡A¬Û¦Pªº¤å¥»¤£¦Pªº¸àÄÀ¤£¦Pªº²Õ¦X¡A¨ì©³n¤£nºc¦¨³Q½èºÃ¡A¨ººØÄY«©Ê¨ì©³¦bþ¸Ì¡H¨º¥t¥~¤@Ó´N¬O¤Þ¤åªº³¡¥÷¡A¤Þ¤åªº³¡¥÷¤j·§´N¯A¤Î¨ì¤åÄm¦^ÅU©M¤ÀªRªº³¡¥÷¡A§ÚèÅ¥Ä_³¦©ÒÁ¿ªº¡A´¿¸g¦³¤@Ó¤åÄm¦^ÅUªº³¡¤À³Q§P©w§Ûŧ¡A³o¸Ì±¨ä¹ê´N«ÜÀYµhªº°ÝÃD¡A¨ä¹ê¬O§Þ³N©Êªº°ÝÃD¡A¥]§t¤Þ¥Î¤Þz©Mµûij¡A³Q¤Þ¥Îªº®ÉÔ¡A¦³®ÉÔ¥¼¥²¬O´c·Nªº¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ó»¡¥L¬Oµ½·Nªº¡A¤ñ¦p»¡®v¥Í¤§¶¡¡A¦~»´¾ÇªÌ¦b°µ¬ã¨sªº®ÉÔ¡A¬O«D±`ªº´L«®vªù¡A¤j¶qªº¤Þ¥Î®vªùªºªF¦è¡A¨ä¥Lªº´N¬G·Nªººzµø¸ò¤£¤Þ¥Î¡A©ÎªÌ»¡¹ê»Ú¤W¤]¨S¦³¼sªxªº¾\ŪÂsÄý¡A¥H¦Ü©ó»¡´N¨S¦³¤Þ¥Î¡A¤Þ¥Î®vªù¨ÓÁ¿¡A¥L·|«Ü²ßºDªº¤j¶qªº¤Þ¥Î¡A¤@¯ëªº§PÂ_¨ÓÁ¿¡A·¥¥i¯à¬O½ò¬õ½uªº¡A¥i¬O´N¦Ñ®v¨ÓÁ¿¡A¦Ñ®vÁ¿ªº¸Ü³Q¦Û¤vªº¾Ç¥Í¤Þ¥Î¡A¤]¤£·|Á¿¤°»ò¸Ü¡A¤]¤£·|¥X²{°ÝÃD¡C³y¦¨¤@¼Ëªº¤Þ¥Î¡A·|¦³¤£¦Pªºµ²ªG¡A¤£¦Pªº§PÂ_¡C³o¸Ì¤]¯A¤Î¨ì§ÚÌè°Q½×ªº¤Þ¥Îªº§ðÀ»¡A¦³ªº®ÉÔ¡A¤Þ¥Î¥u¬O¬°¤F¥h§_©w§O¤H¨Ó¬ðÅã¦Û¤v¦Ó¤w¡A¨º¬O¤@Ó»~¥Î¡A»~¥Îªº®ÉÔ¥L©Ò¸`¿ýªº¨º¤@³¡¥÷¡Aè¦n¤£¬Oì§@ªº¥Dn·N¸q©Ò¦b¡A¤]·|³y¦¨¤@Óª§Ä³©Ê¡C¥t¥~¤@Ó¡A¥]¬A²{¦bªº¾Ç³N¬É¸Ì±¡A°£¤FÁ¿¨s½×¤åªºµoªí¶q¥H¥~¡A¤]·|IJ¤Î¨ì§A³Q¤Þ¥Îªº¦¸¼Æ¡C©Ò¥H³Q¤Þ¥Î§Î¦¨¬O¤@Ó¥¿±ªº¡C©ÎªÌ»¡è©Ò´£¨ìªº²Ä¤@¤â¤Þ¥Îªº¸ê®Æ¡A³Q¤G¦¸¤Þ¥Î¡B¤T¦¸¤Þ¥Î¡B¦h¦¸¤Þ¥Îªº°ÝÃD¡A³o´N¯A¤Î¨ìì¨åì³Ð§@ªº¾\Ū²ßºD¡A«Ü¦h³£¬OŪ¤F´X½g½×¤å´N¥h«þ¨©²Õ¸Ë¡A´N§¹¦¨¤F¡A¾Ç³N¤W¦p¦ó¥h½×©w¡H©ÎªÌ¥L«Ü¦³§Þ¥©ªº¥hÁ×¶}«Ü¦hªº°ÝÃD¡A¤]¦³¥i¯à¥L¬O¥i¥H¦s¦b¡A³Q±µ¨ü¡C³o¸Ì±³Ì·sªº¤åÄm¡A©Î¬O»¡¨å½d¦¡ªº¤åÄm¡A¦b±Ð¾Ç¤W±`·|¦³³o¼Ëªº§xÂZ¡C²z½×¬O³Ì·sªº¡A¥i¬O³Ì·sªº¤£¨£±o¬O³Ì¦nªº¡A¦³«Ü¦h«Ü¦n«Ü¤[ªº¡A¨ä¹ê«Ü¦nªº½×¤å´N¦]¬°¥Ø«eªº¾Ç³N¶É¦V¥H³Ì·s¨Ó¦Ò¼{¡A´N³Q¿ò§Ñ±¼¡A¨ººØ¾Ç²ß©µÄò©Êªº¤]´NÂ_µõ¡A§Úı±o¨º¬O«Ü¥i±¤ªº¨Æ±¡¡C¤åÄm¤Þ¥Îªºn¨D¬O§¹¾ã©Êªº¡A´N·|¬Ý¨ì¤@¤j°ï§Û¦C¥X¨Ó¡A¥i¯à·|¦³§Ûŧªº°ÝÃD¡A¦ý¬O¦³¤@¤j°ï³£¥u¬O§@ªÌ¡B½g¦W¡Bµoªí³Bªº³¡¥÷¡A´N½×¤åªº¼¶¼g¨ÓÁ¿¡A¨ì©³¦³¨S¦³·N¸q¡A¨º¤S¬O¥t¥~¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡C¤Þ¤åªº®æ¦¡¤]¦³«Ü¦h¤£¦Pªº¬£§O¡B¼Ò¦¡¡A³o¤S¬O¥t¥~¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡C ²Ä¤TÓ¤u§@§{µ¹ªº©Ò¿×¥DÃDªº°ÝÃD¡A¥DÃD°ÝÃD¸Ì±·|¦³«Ü¦nªºÃD¥Ø¡A³oºØ±¡ªp©³¤U§A·|«Ü§Æ±æ°w¹ï³oÓ¥DÃDµ¹¤©¥L¤ñ¸û§óºë½Tªº§ó¦nµo´§¡A§Ṳ́]¬Ý¨ì¹L¦P¤@ӮɴÁ¸Ì±¡A¦³¦n¦h½g¦n¦h¥»¬Û¦Pªº²z½×¬Û¦Pªº¥DÃD¡AÃþ¦ü³o¼Ëªº±¡ªp¡A¯S§O¦b¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¤W¯S§O¬O±`¨£ªº¡A¦p¦ó¥hnÁ×§K«½Æ¨ä¹ê¬O«ÜÃøªº¡A³o¤S¬O¥t¥~¤@³¡¥÷ªº°ÝÃD¡C ©³¤U¥i°Q½×ªºªÅ¶¡¸Ì±¡A§Ún½Í¨ìªº¥i¥H«ä¦Òªº¬O¦X²z©Êªº°ÝÃD¡A¤Þ¤å®æ¦¡ªº³W½d¸Ì±¨ä¹ê¬O«Ü¤£©ú½T¡A§Ú«Ü§V¤O·Q¤Wºô¥h§ä¡A©Ò¿×³W½d¨ì©³¦bþ¸Ì¡H³o´N¯A¤Î¨ì¹ê»Ú¤W§Ú¦bºô¸ô¤W¬Ý¤£¨ì¡A¦ý¬OÓ§Oªº§ÚÅ¥¨ìÂàzªº³¡¥÷¡A¦³¤H´NÁ¿»¡¤å¦r¬Û¦P¤Q¤C¦r¥H¤W´Nºâ§Ûŧ¡C¨º¦³¤HÁ¿»¡¶¡±µ¤Þ¥Î¤£¯à¶W¹L¬O¥|¤QÓ¦r¡Aµ´¹ï¤Þ¥Îªº¸Ü¡A°²¦p¶W¹L¤¦Ê¦r´Nn¼x¨Dì§@ªÌªº¦P·N¡C³o¸Ì³£¦³¤@Óª¬ªp¡A©Ò¿×ªºª½±µ¤Þ¥Î¶W¹L¤¦Ê¦r¡An¼x¸ß§@ªÌ¦P·N¡A³o¬OµÛ§@Åvªk¡A¨º¬O¤ñ¸û©ú½Tªº¡C¥i¬O°ÝÃD¦b§Ú̦b¼¶¼g¾Ç³N½×¤åªº®ÉÔ¡A¤£·|¥ý¥h§âµÛ§@ÅvªkŪ¤@Ū¹À¡I³o´N¯A¤Î¨ì·s¤å¾Ç¡A³o¬O©ú¤Ñ·|½Íªº¡A·s¤å¾Ç³o³¡¥÷´N«Ü¦h¡C¦P¼Ëªº¡A°²¦p§Ú̳oÓ³¡¤À³QÂX¤j¨Ó¤Þ¥Îªº¸Ü¡A§Ú̪½±µ¤Þ¥Î¬Y¤@Ó¡A¤ñ¦p»¡§õ±Ð±Âªº½×ÃÒ¡A§Úı±oÁ¿ªº«Ü²M·¡¡A¸Ì±¤Þ¥Î¶W¹L¤F¤¦Ê¦r¡A§A´N¥i¥H´£¥X§Ú¦³¯A¤Î§Ûŧªº°ÝÃD¡C³o¤@³¡¥÷¦b»{©w¤W·|¤£Â_¦³°ÝÃD¥X²{¡A³o¸Ì±´N·|¯A¤Î¨ì½g´Tªº°ÝÃD¡A´N¬O½×¤åªº½g´T¡An¦hªø¡Hªøµu¡A¤]·|¹ï¾Ç³N³W½d¦³¤£¦Pªºn¨D¡A¤ñ¦p»¡§Úè´£¨ì¤Þ¥Î¶W¹L¤Q¤CÓ¦r´Nºâ§Ûŧ¡A³o¬O²z¤u¬ì´£¥X¨Óªº¡A²z¤u¬ì¤ñ¸ûµÛ«¦bµ²½×¦¡ªº¼¶¼g³ø§i¡A©Ò¥H½g´T¤£¬O«Üªø¡C¥i¬O´N¤H¤å¾Ç¬ì¡A¯S§O¬O¤¤¤å¾Ç¬É¸Ì±¡A´N·|n¨D¤ñ¸û§¹¾ãªº¤@Ó½×z¡A§¹¾ãªº¤@Ó¸ê®Æªº§e²{¡C§Úªº¾Ç³N½×¤å¸Ì±¡A¨ì©³¬On§e²{¥¦ªº§¹¾ã©Ê¡HÁÙ¬O§e²{¥¦ªº³Ð¨£¡H³o¨ä¹ê¬O¤£¤@¼Ëªº¡C ¨C¦¸¨ì¤F¤¤ë¥÷ªº®ÉÔ¡A¨t¤W³£·|«Ü¹Ã¡A¨C¦¸¾Ç®Õ¦b³ø¦Òªº®É«á¡A²z¤u¬ìªº³ø¦Ò¸ê®Æ³£¥u¦³¤@ÂIÂI¡A¤å¾Ç°|³£n³o¸ÌªÅ¥X¦n¤j¤@ӪŶ¡¨Ó©ñ¡A¦]¬°§ÚÌn¨D§¹¾ã©Ê¡A©Ò¥H¨ºÃä¤@°ï¬ö¿ý´N¶Ì²´¡C§Ų́CÓ¤H¬Ý±o¨â²´µo©ü³á¡I³oÓ±¡ªp¬O¤£¬O§Ú̦ۤvn¥hÀ˰Qªº¡C·í§Ú̱Á{¨ì¦³¤H§Ûŧªº®ÉÔ¡A§Úªº½×¤å¬O¤£¬O¥i¥H¤£n±j½Õ§¹¾ã©Ê¡A§Ú±j½Õ³Ð·N©Ê¡A³o¸Ì±¤]¯A¤Î¨ì§Ú̦ۤv¥»¨ªº½d¨Ò¸Ì±¡A¤Éµ¥¨ì©³¬On³æ½g½×¤å´N¥i¥H¤F¡AÁÙ¬On¦¨®Ñªº±M®Ñ¡H´N¤¤¤å¾Ç¬É¨ÓÁ¿¡A«Üº©ªøªº®É¶¡¡A¤Éµ¥³Qn¨Dn±M®Ñ¡A±M®Ñªº¸Ü¡A¤£¥iÁ×§Kªºn¯A¤Î¨ì«Ü¦h«Ü¦hªº¸ê®Æ¡]24¡¦35¡^¡C²z¤u¬ì¥LÌn¨â½g¥H¤W¡A¨â½g¥H¤W´N¥i¥H¡C¨º§ÚÌ´N¸I¨ì»¡¡A¤H¤å¤è±¤]´£¨â½gªº½×¤å¡A¥~¼f¤]¹L¤F¡A¦ý´N¬O³Q§P©w¤£¥i¥H¡C³o¤è±¬O¦³ª§Ä³©Êªº¡C¥Ø«e¦UÓ¤£¦Pªº»â°ì³W½d¤£¤@¼Ë¡A¤H¤åªÀ·|¤è±¨ÓÁ¿¡A§Ú©Ò¬Ý¨ìªºªÀ·|¬ì¾ÇÃþ¤w¸g©¹²z¤u¬ì¾aÃl¤F¡C¥L̶ɦVµuµuªº¤¤»¤d¦r¡B¤C¤K¤d¦r¡A¤@¸U¥XÀY¡C¨â½g´N¥i¥H¤Éµ¥¡C¥i¬O§ÚÌÁÙ¬O³Qn¨D¡C©Ò¥H«Ü¦h¤¤¤å¾Ç¬Éªº¦~»´ªB¤Í¡A¯S§O¬O¦³°ê¥~¾Ç²ßI´º¦^¨Óªº¡A±¹ï³o¤@ÂI¡A¤@ª½³£«ÜW´e¡C¥L̦³³Ð¨£¡A¥i¬O¤Éµ¥ªº®ÉÔ¬O³Q¯Ç¤J¶Ç²Îªº±¡¹Ò¸Ì±¥h¼f¬d¡A³o¸Ì±³£·|¦³¤@¨Çª§Ä³¡C ©Ò¦³ªº»{ª¾¸Ì±³£·|¯A¤Î¨ì±M·~¼f¬d¡A¤£ºÞ¬O´Á¥Z¡B¤£ºÞ¬O¤Éµ¥¡B¤£ºÞ¬Opµe¡A³£¬O±M·~¼f¬d¡C±M·~¼f¬d¾ãÓI´ºªº»{ª¾¹ï©óµ²ªGªº®t§O«Ü¤j¡C§ÚÌ·|¬Ý¨ì«Ü¦h³Q´£¥X¨Ó°Q½×ªºcase¡A¥i¬O¹ê»Ú¤W¤ñ¥L§óÄY«ªº¤Ó¦h¤F¡A³£¤£¬O¡C©Ò¥H¨Ã¤£¬O»¡¡A±M·~¼f¬dªÌªºI´º¸ò»{ª¾©Ò²£¥Íªº¸¨®t¡A¦P¼Ëªº¤@Ó§@«~¸Ì±¡A¤£¦Pªº¼f¬d¤H¡A¦³¤H»{©w¬O§Ûŧ¡A¦³¤H»{©w¤£¬O¡C¦³¤H»{©w¹H¤Ï¾Ç³NÛ²z¡A¦³¤H»{©w¤£¬O¡A´N³y¦¨¥L̵û¤Àªº®t¶Z«D±`«D±`ªº¤j¡C³o¬O¤@Ó¡C ²Ä¤TÓn½Í¨ìªº¬Oµ{§Ç¡A´N¬O§ÚÌn½Í¾Ç³NÛ²z½Í§Ûŧ¡A³o¨Ç³£¬O«ÜÄY«ªº°ÝÃD¡C¤@Ó¼f¬d©eû´£¥X¥L¬O§Ûŧ¡A¨ì©³¯à¤£¯à´Nºâ¡AÁÙ¬On¸g¹L¤°»ò¼Ëªº¤@Óµ{§Ç¡H¥Ø«e§Ú̩Ҩ̾ڪº¡A¤j·§´NÄÝ©ó¤j±M±Ð®vµÛ§@§Ûŧ³B²znÂIªº¨º³¡¥÷¡C¦³¤@ӫܦ³·N«äªº¤@ÂI¡A¥¦ªº§Ûŧªº¦¨¥ß¡A¥ý¨M±ø¥ó¥²»Ýn¦³ÀËÁ|¤H¡A´N¦³¹L«Ü¦h¦b¼f¬d³Q´£¥X¨Ó¬O§Ûŧ¡A³Ì«á¬O¤£¤F¤F¤§ªº¡C³»¦h´N¬O¨S¦³³q¹L´N¬O¤F¡C³o¸Ì±¦b©ó§Ûŧn¦³ÀËÁ|¤H¡A§Ṳ́]³z¹L°Q½×¡A¨ì³Ì«á´N³Q½èºÃ¦³¨S¦³ÀËÁ|¤H¡H¨S¦³¡A¨S¦³´N¤£¦¨¥ß¡C©Ò¥H©ú©ú¬Ý¥X¨Ó½T¹ê¬O¦³§Ûŧªº¨Æ¹ê¦s¦b¡A¥i¬OÁÙ¬O´Nµ²§ô¤F¡C©Ò¥HÅܦ¨³o¸Ì±¥H¥Ø«e§Ú©Ò¬Ý±o¤ñ¸ûÄYÂÔªº¡A¤j·§¬O±Ð¨|³¡ªº¾Ç¼f·|¡C±Ð¨|³¡ªº¾Ç¼f·|´N«D±`©ú½Tªºq©w¥X¨Ó¡A¤Z¬O¼f¬d·N¨£Â\¦b¸Ì±¡A¦³¥ô¦ó¤@Ó©eû´£¥X¦b§Ûŧ©Î¬O¹H¤Ï¾Ç³NÛ²z¤W±¥´¤Äªº¸Ü¡A¥LÌ´N·|¥h³B²z¡C³B²zªº¼Ò¦¡¬O°eµ¹ì¤TÓ¼f¬d¤H¡A§P©w¥L¨ì©³¦³¨S¦³¡C°£¤F¤TÓì¼f¬d¤H¤§¥~¡AÁÙn°e¨â¦ì³oÓ»â°ìªº±M®a¾ÇªÌ¨Ó°w¹ï³oÓµÛ§@¨Ó¦A§@¤@¦¸¼f¬d¡CÁ`¦@¬O¤¦ì¡C¨º¤¦ì¼f¬d¤§«á¡A¦A¦³¤@Ó±Mªùªº©eû¨Ó¼fÅç¡A½T©w¬O¡A¨º´N¦¨¥ß¤F¡C¦¨¥ß¥H«á´N°µ¥X³B¸m¡A¦P®É´N·|³qª¾¦UӾǮաA³o¬O¥Ø«e¦b³B²zªº³¡¥÷¡A¤ñ¸û©ú½Tªº¤@ÂI¡C°ê¬ì·|·|¹J¨ìÆZ¦hªº¡A¦ý¬O¤Q´XÓcase¡A®£©È¨S´XÓ²M·¡ªº¡C³o¸Ì±n¥h°µ§P©wªº®ÉÔ¡A°ò¥»¤W¨ÓÁ¿¡A³£n¦³ªk³Wªº³B²z¡A¯S§O§Ûŧ®×¡A¥i¯à¯A¤Î¨ì±Ð®vªº¤u§@Åv¡A¥]§t¤Éµ¥Åv¡A¤]¥]§tÄ~Äò¥Ó½ÐpµeªºÅv§Q¡C¥Ø«eªºªk³W¡A§Ú̪º½T¦bºô¸ô¤W¤½¶}§ä¨ì¡A¤j·§´N¬OµÛ§@Åvªk¡AµÛ§@Åvªk§Úèèµy·L´£¨ì¡A¥t¥~¤@Ó´N¬OÄÝ©ó¤j±M±Ð®v±Ð¾Ç³B²zì«h¡C¸I¨ì§Ûŧ®×¥ó¡A¥]§t¾Ç³N¾Ç³øªº¼f¬d¡A³»¦h´N¬O¤£µn´N¬O¤F¡C°ò¥»¤W¨ÓÁ¿³£¤£·|°µ¶i¤@¨Bªº³B²z¡C¥H°ê¬ì·|®×ªº¥Zª«¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A¥i¯à¤ñ¸ûÄYÂÔ¡A·|³qª¾§@ªÌ¡A³qª¾¾Ç®Õ³æ¦ì¡A¦b¬YºØµ{«×¤W¡A·|¦³À~ªýªº§@¥Î¡C§Ú̪º§Ûŧ¡B¹H¤Ï¾Ç³NÛ²zªº®×¥ó¡A¦]¬°³Q´£¨ìªº¤ñ¸û¤Ö¡A¥H¦Ü©ó»¡¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥H¹w¦ô³o¼Ëªº®×¥ó·|·U¨Ó¶V¦h¡C³Ìªñ¤]½T¹ê¬Ý¨ì·U¨Ó·U¦hªº±¡ªp¡C°²¦p¦³©ú½Tªº³B²z¼Ò¦¡¥X¨Ó¡A°²¦p»¡´Á¥Z¼f¬d¦³¡A´N³qª¾·í¨Æ¤H¡A·í¨Æ¤HªA°Èªº¾Ç®Õ¡A¨º·íµM´N¤ñ¸ûÄY«¡A¤]´N¯A¤Î¨ì§Ṳ́ɾEªº°ÝÃD¤F¡C³o¸Ì±¥i¯à·|·U¨Ó¶V¤£Â_³Q°Q½×ªºÄ³ÃD¡A¦ý¬O¦p¦ó¥h°µ½×©w¡A½Ö¯à°µ½×©w¡A½×©w¤F¥H«á¡A¤½¥©Êªº¤@Ó´¶¹M³Q±µ¯Ç¡A¥h°µÀ˰Q¡A¥i¯à³£¬On¶i¤@¨B°Q½×ªº¡C ³o¸Ì¤]¦^À³¤@¤Uè©Ò½Í¨ìªº½sÄ¡ªº³¡¥÷¡A¨ì©³¯à¤£¯à¦¨¬°¾Ç³N½×µÛ¡C½sÄ¡¨ä¹ê¬O«Ü¨¯Wªº¤u§@¡A§A¤£Â_§@¡A§@¤F¥H«á¤£¯à¦¨¬°¾Ç³N½×µÛ¡A¨ä¹ê¬OÆZ¶Ë®`ªº¡C¥Ø«e¦³¤@Ó·sªºÁͶաA§Ú¬Ý¨ì¦³¤@¨Ç¾Ç³N½×µÛ½s¥X¨Ó¤]¥i¥H´£¥X¨Ó§A½sÄ¡ªºµo²{µ¥µ¥¡A¥L¤]¥i¥H±µ¯Ç§A¦¨¬°¤@ӾdzN½×µÛ¡C±Ôzªº¸Ü¡A»y¨¥¤å¦rªº¬Û¦P¡A·|Åý¤H®a·Pı¦n¹³¤£Â_¤j´T«×ªº«½Æ¡A¥i¬O§Ṳ́]¬Ý¨ì¦b±Ôzªº³¡¥÷¡A¥L¹Á¸Õ¥Î¦Û¤vªº»y¨¥¡A§Î¦¨¦Û§Ú½×z»y·Jªº¨t²Î¡C¥i¬O¥L³Q½èºÃ¡C§AÆ[©À¨º»ò¤£¿ù¡A¬°¤°»òn¼g¨º»ò¿W¯Sªº»y¨¥¡AÅý§Ú̾\Ū¤Wı±o«Ü¨¯W¡H´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¦^À³³¯±Ð±Â©ÒÁ¿ªº¡A¦b¾Ç³N¬ã¨sªº³o±ø¸ô¤W¡A¨ä¹êÁÙ¦³¤@ÂI´N¬O»Ýn«i´±¡A§An³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡A§A´N¯A¤Î¨ì¬D¾Ô¬J¦³¼f¬dªº±µ¨ü¨î«×¡A¨ºn«i´±¡C¦b³o«i´±ªº¹Lµ{¤§¤¤¡A·|¨ü¨ì¤£¤Öªº®À§é¡A³o¦P®É¤]¬O§ÚÌ»Ýn¥h±¹ïªº°ÝÃD¡A¶È´N³o¼Ëªº¤@Ó³ø§i¡A½Ð¤j®aªº«ü±Ð¡AÁÂÁ¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^³o¾ã²z±o«D±`ªº¸Ô²Ó¡A§Ú·Q³oÓ¦¿±Ð±Â¦o¬O¨ü©e°U¿ì³o¦¸¡A¥Dnªº¥Øªº¡An§âÃþ¦ü¹³¦¿±Ð±Â¾ã²z¡eªº¡f³o¼Ë¤@ÓªF¦è¡Aµ¥©ó¬O¤½§i¡A¤£ºÞ¥ÎÓ¤Hºô¸ô©Î¤½§i©Pª¾¡A§A©Ò´£¨ìªº³o¨Ç°ÝÃD¡A¦pªG¬O¶Ç»¼¥X¥hªº¸Ü¡A¥i¯à¦bºô¯¸¤W¡A®v¥Í³£·|°Ñ»P¡A¦]¬°³o¸Ì±¦³«Ü¦hèèÁ¿ªº¦Ç¦â¦a±a¡A¤]³\³oÂç²M¤@¤U´N¤£¬OÃa¨Æ±¡¡A§Ú¬Ý§Ú̯ण¯à´N¤@°_¹ï¬F©²Á|ÃÒ¡C §ÚÌèèÁ¿ªº¡A¨ä¹ê¦b»OÆW¥Ø«eªº¾ú¥v¾Ç¬É¤j·§¬O¤@¼Ëªº¡A¦]¬°¥Lèè½Íªº¡A°ò¥»¤W¬O¤¤¤å¾Ç³N¬Éªº¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¤å¾Çªº³Ð§@¨º¤è±¡A©Ò¥H°ò¥»¤W¬O¤@¼Ëªº¡A©Ò¥H¬Ý°_¨Ó¦¿±Ð±Â¨ºÓªF¦è¨ä¹ê¬O§â¤¤¤å¨º¨âÓ¦r®³±¼¤F¡A´«¦¨¾ú¥v¤j·§¤]§Ú·Q®t¤£¦h¡C °ò¥»¤W¡A§Ú̬O¦b¬Û¦Pªº¾Ç³N¶Ç²Î¸Ì±¡A¤å¾Ç°|ÁÙ¬O¬Û®tªº¤£¦h¡A¤ñ¸û¤£¤@¼Ëªº¥i¯à¬O¥~¤å¡A§Ṳ́£À´¡A¥t¥~¤@Ó¹³¥x¤j¡A¤HÃþ¾Ç¥i¯à¤ñ¸û±Mªù¡A¥x¤j¹³¹Ï®ÑÀ]¾Ç¨t¡A¥¦¤ñ¸û¤£¤@¼Ë¡An¤£µMªº¸Ü¡A§Ú·Q¤å¥võ³£®t¤£¦h³£¤j·§Ãþ¦ü¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¦¿±Ð±Â¡A§A¤W¦¸´£¨ìÃö©ó±Ð±Â¤W½Ò«ü¾É¾Ç¥Í©Îpµe¸Ì±¡A¨ºÓ²Ä¤@±¾¦W¡B²Ä¤G±¾¦W¡A§Aı±o¦pªG©ñ¦b³oÓ°Q½×¤W¡AnÅý¤j®a¦p¦ó¥h°Ñ¥[°Q½×¡H ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¨ä¹êèèProfessor Rollins¥L´£¨ì¤@Ó¡A´N¬O»¡team work°ÝÃD¡A ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¦pªG¦b¤¤¤åªº¸Ü¡H ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¦pªG¤H¤å¾Ç¡A¹ªÀyÓ¤Hªºì³Ð©Ê¡A¹ï©ó¹³¬ì¾Çªº¦@¾÷Åé¦X§@¡A¦n¹³¤ñ¸û¨S¦³¥hª`·N¨ì¡A¦Ó¥Bı±o¨º¼Ëªºì³Ð©Ê¤£°÷°ª¡A³£µ¹«Ü¤Öªºcredit¡C¹³§Ú¸òBart±`¦X§@¡A§Ú̪º½×¤å¡A§Ú¬O²Ä¤@§@ªÌ¡A¥i¬O§Ú¥i¯à´N¬O¡u¤»¡v³o¼Ë¤l¡A¥i¬O¥L´NÅܦ¨¡u¥|¡v³o¼Ë¤l¡A§AÀ´§Úªº·N«ä¶Ü¡H¥i¬O¨ä¹ê§Úı±o¯S§O¦b»OÆW¾Ç¬É¡A§Ú̳£«Ü°l¨D°ê»Ú¤Æ¡A©Ò¥H³oºØ¦X§@´N«Ü¥²n¡A¦]¬°´N¹³Bartèè±j½Õªº¡A§Ṳ́£¬Onative speaker¡A§Y¨Ï¦b°ê¥~¾Ç«Ü¤[¤F¡AÁÙ¬O¨S¦³¿ìªk¾Ç¨ì¹D¦aªº^¤å¡A´N¹³¥~°ê¤H¼gº~¾Ç¡AÁÙ¬O¨S¦³¿ìªk¾Ç¨ì¦Ü¤Ö¹³§Ú̼gªº¾Ç³N½×¤å¡A¥LÁÙ¬On§ä¤Hrevised¡A©Ò¥H§Ú´N½Ð¥L»¡§Ṳ́@°_°Q½×¡A¤]³\§Ú¼g¤@³¡¤À¡A¦A¥Ñ¥LÂX®i³o¼Ë¤l¡A¤j³¡¤À³£¬O¥Ñ§Ú¥Xªº·N¨£¡A¹ï¥L¨Ó»¡¡A¥Dn¼¶¼g¤H¬O¥xÆW¤H¡A§Ú¬O´£¨Ñidea©M§÷®Æªº¡A§Úªº·N«ä¬O»¡½Ö¤£«n©Î«ç»ò¼Ë¡A§Ú̳o¼Ë¦b¦X§@¦b¦nªº´Á¥Z¤Wµoªí¡A¹³§Ú̳̪ñ¦³¤@½g¬O¦bMLA¡@research guide¸Ì±¡A¥¦¦C´X¥»¤@¯ë¾Ç¥Í¥²¶·°áªº´Á¥Z¡A¥¦¸Ì±´N¬O¦³¤@ÓCanadian Review of Comparative Literature¡A§@³o¼Ëªº¤@½g¡AÁöµM¥s§Ú̧ï«Ü¦h¡Aªá¤F«Üªøªº®É¶¡¡A¦ý¬O¥X¨Ó¤§«áÁÙ¬O¤@½g½×¤å¡A¦Ó¥B³o¤@½gÁÙn¦A¤À¦¨¤@¥b¡Cteam work¦A¥[¤W«ü¾É¾Ç¥Íªº°ÝÃD¡A¨ä¹ê§Ṳ́£¾å±o¬ü¥É¬O¤£¬O¤]¬O³o¼Ëı±o¡A§ÚÌ«ü¾É¾Ç¥Í¡A¦³¨Ç§ÚÌÀ°¥Ļï«Ü¦h¤å¦r¡A¦³®ÉÔ¥Lªºideas¬O§Ú̧i¶D¥L¡A¨º¸ÌÁÙ¦³§÷®Æ¡C¥L§@¤jºõªº®ÉÔ¡A¹³§Ú²{¦b¸ò¤@Ó³Õ¤h¥Í¡A¥L¨ºÓ¤jºõ§ï¤F¤T¡B¥|¦¸¡AÁÙ¬O¤£¦æ¡AÁÙ¬On¦A§ï¡Iok¡H´N¬O§Ú§ï¡AµM«á¥L§ï¡AµM«á§Ú§ï¡A¦A¥L§ï³o¼Ë¡A´N¬O¤@ª½§ï¡A¨ä¹ê¬O¦X§@¡A¥i¬O§ÚÌ¥X¨Ó¡A®Ú¥»¨S¦³±¾¦W¡C§Úı±o»¡³o¥i¥H¤À¦¨¤GӨӽ͡A²Ä¤@Ó´N¬O»¡¬ã¨s¥Í¤§¶¡ªº¦X§@¡A¤@ºØ¬O¦Ñ®v©MºÓ¤h¥Í¤§¶¡ªº¦X§@¡A³o¬O¨âºØ±¡§Î¡A§Ú¦³¤@¦¸¦³¾÷·|¥i¥H¸ò²z¤u¬ìªº¤@ӾǪ̦³¤@Ó¤p®Éªº°Q½×¡A¥L«ÜÅå³Yªº»¡¡A§ĄS¦³±¾¡A§Ú»¡§Ú̫ܦ۵Mªº¡B²z©Ò·íµMªº¨S¦³±¾¦W¡AµM«á¥L¬Ý§Ú«ç»ò¼Ë§ï¾Ç¥ÍªººÓ¤h½×¤å¡A¥LÀ~Ãa¤F¡A¦]¬°§Ú̾ǥͪººÓ¤h½×¤å¤£¬O¤@¤j¥»¶Ü¡H¹ï°Ú¡IµM«á¨C¤@Ó¦r¡B¨C¤@¥y¸Üªº§ï¡A§ï¤U¨Ó¥L»¡·íµMn±¾¦W¡A§Ú»¡§Ú̱q¨Ó¨S¦³·Q¹L±¾¦Wªº¨Æ¡A¥L«D±`Åå³Y¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^§A¦³¨º¼Ëªº«Ü±jªº¡Bn§â¨Æ±¡§Ë²M·¡ªº¨ºÓ¤º®æ¡B¼¤±æªº®ÉÔ¡A¤~·|Åܦ¨§Aªº¡C¦pªG§Úµ¹§A¤@ÓÃD¥Ø¡A³o«Ü©_©Ç¡I©Ò¥H¡A²Ä¤@Ó§Ú¤£µ¹ÃD¥Ø¡A¥t¥~¤@Ó¬O·í¥L´X¦~¸ò§ÚŪ®Ñ¹À¡I·íµM¡A§AÌè¤~¥Î¨ìªº¤@¥y¸Ü´N¬O®vªù¡A¬JµM¬O®vªù¡A«Ü©úÅ㪺´N¬O¦³«Ü¦hªº¤@¨Ç°ÝÃDªº¸ÑÄÀ¡A¾Ç³N°ÝÃDªº¸ÑÄÀ¡BÆ[ÂI¡B¨Ï¥Îªº·§©À¡A·íµM·|¦³±Òµo¡B·|¦³¼vÅT¡A³o¬O¤@Ó¡C¥t¥~¤@Ó¬O¦]¬°§A¬O§Ú«ü¾Éªº¾Ç¥Í¡A©Ò¿×ªº«ü¾É¾Ç¥Í¡A§Ú¬O§â¥L©w¸q¬°»¡¡A¨S¿ù¡I¨º¬O§AªºÃD¥Ø¡A¨º§Ú¬O¸ò§A¤U³o½L´Ñ¡A§Ú¥²¶·¸ò§A¤U´X¦~ªº³o½L´Ñ¤§«á¡A¦]¬°§A¤£Â_¦a¤U´Ñ¡A¤£Â_¦a¸ò§Ú¹ï¸Ü¡A¦Ó¹ï¸Üªº·í¤¤¡Aµ²ªG§A³Ì«á§¹¦¨¤F§Aªº½×¤å¡A³o¤~¥s°µ«ü¾É±Ð±Â°Ú¡I«ü¾É±Ð±Â¨S¦³«ü¾É´N¥s«ü¾É±Ð±Â°Ú¡H¥L¦b³o¬q´Á¶¡¡A´N¬O¦]¬°¥L¤£¯à¿W¥ß°µ¬ã¨s¡A¥L®³¨ì³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì¤§«á¥s§@¯à°÷¿W¥ß°µ¬ã¨s¡A¨º¦b³o±¡ªp¤§¤U¡A¥L¯S§O¿W¥ß¥Lªº¬ã¨s¡AÅãµM¬O¦b§Úªº«ü¾É¤§¤U§¹¦¨ªº¡A¦ýÁöµM¬O³o¼Ë¤l¡A§ÚÁÙ¬O¨S¦³¿ìªk¥h»¡ªA§Ú¦Û¤v»¡¥h±¾¦W¡A³o¬Oè¤~»¡ªº¦Ñ®v¸ò¾Ç¥Í¤§¶¡ªº°ÝÃD¡C ¦Ü©ó»¡¤GÓ¦X§@ªº¤H¡A¨º³oÓ¬ã¨sªÌ¡A°ò¥»¤W¥L̳£¬O¥i¥H¿W¥ß°µ¬ã¨sªº¤F¡A³o¨âÓ¥i¥H¿W¥ß°µ¬ã¨sªº¤H¡A°ò¥»¤W¥i¥H¸g¹Lªø®É¶¡ªº¦@¦P°Q½×¡B¦X§@¡AµM«á¥h¼g¥X¤@½g¤å³¹¡A¨º§Úı±o·íµM¥i¥H±¾¦W¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¥i¬O¨º¤ñ¨Ò¬O«Ü¤Öªº°Ú¡I ¡]§d±K¹î¡^©Ò¥H§ÚÁÙ¬O«ÜÃø·Q¹³¡C¦ý¬O¦Ñ¹ê»¡°Õ¡I¨ä¹ê¦@¦P±¾¦W¡A¦b§Ú̪º»â°ì¸Ì±°ò¥»¤WÁÙ¬O¤Ö¼Æªº¡A³o¤]¤£¬O¥xÆW¤Ö¦Ó¤w¡A¨ä¹ê¥þ¥@¬É°ò¥»¤W³£¬O¤Öªº¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¥L»¡¦è¤è¤]³o¼Ë¡C¤H¤å¾Ç¬ì³£¨S¦³±¾¦W¡H ¡]§d±K¹î¡^³oÓ°ÝÃD¤£¤j¡A§Úı±o°Õ¡I ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^ˬO¦Ñ®v¥Î¾Ç¥Íªºidea¡A°ÝÃD¤~·|¤ñ¸û¤j¡A¾Ç¥ÍÁÙ¨S¦³µoªí¡A¥L¤w¸g§â¥¦¥Î¨«¡A¾Ç¥Í±N¨Ó¨S¿ìªkµoªí¡C¡]42¡¦28¡^ ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^ÁÙ¬O´X¥G¾Ç¥Í§Úı±o§Ú¹J¨ìªº¡A§ÚÌ«ü¾É¾Ç¥Íªº¤è¦¡¡A³q±`ÁÙ¬O§A¬Ý¨ºÓ¤¤¤ån¨Dn¼g¨º»ò¦h¡A¤¤¤ånµ¹«Ü¦h«Ü¦hªº¨ó§U¡A¨º¤@½g½×¤å¤~¦³¥i¯à¼g±o¦n¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^³o¬O¬Ýþ¡I¨ä¹ê§ÚÌ¥xÆW¡A¹ï¾Ç¥Í§ë¹¤ñ¸û¦h¡A·íµM¾Ç¥Í¤ñ¸û¯Ê¥F¥D°Ê©Ê¡A²Ä¤G¡A§Ú̪º±Ð¨|Àô¹Ò¡B¥Í¬¡Àô¹Ò¤£§Q©ó°ö¾i¼g§@¸ò¬ã¨s¤H¤~¡A¥L̨ì¤j¤@¦b°µ¨Æ±¡¡A¬O¤H®a°ª¤¤¦b°µªº¨Æ±¡¡A¦]¬°¥L̮ڥ»¤£¾å±o¤°»ò¥sessay[½×¤å]¡A¤Ñ©³¤U¥u¦³§@¤åªº·§©À¡A²³©Ò³£ª¾¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^¨ä¹ê¡A¤£¤î§Ú̳oӾǬ쪺°ÝÃD¦Ó¤w¡A¨ä¹ê§Ú̾ãÓªº°V½m¡A§Ú¸ò¤@Ó¬ã¨s¾Ç²ß¤ß²z¾Çªº¤H½Í¹L¡A¥L»¡§Ú̾ãÓªº°V½m¡A¾ãÓ¦b¥xÆWªº¤j¤j¤p¤pªº°V½m³£¤@¼Ë¡A°ò¥»¤W³Q»{¬°°V½m³Ì¦nªº¡A¬O»`¶°ªF¦èªº°V½m¡A¬Û¹ï¨ÓÁ¿¬O¤ñ¸û¦nªº¡AµM«á¦b»`¶°¤F¤§«á¥h¶i¦æ¤ÀÃþ¸ò²Îp¡A±`±`§Ú̧â³oÓªF¦è¥s¬ã¨s¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥h¤ÀªR¡B¹ï¸Ü¡A¥L»¡¦b¦UºØ¤j¤¤¤p¾Ç¸Ì±ªº°V½m³£¬O³o¼Ë¡A¨º¦n°Õ¡I³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡A´N·|¥X²{§Ú̧â»`¶°§¹¾ã¡A´Nè¤~¡A´N§Aªº¸Ü¡A»`¶°§¹¾ã¤£§¹¾ã¡A·í¦¨¬O«Ü«nªº¤@Ó°ÝÃD¨Ó°Q½×¡A¨º¤]´N¬O¦]¬°³o¼Ë¡A©Ò¥H§Ṳ́@ª½¡B±`±`·|¸I¨ì³oºØ°ÝÃD¡A¤@½g¤å³¹¥L»¡¡A§A³o½g¤å³¹¼g±o«Ü¦n¡A¦ý¬O¦³¨âÓ¯ÊÂI¡A¦³¤@Ó¯ÊÂI´N¬O¤°»òªF¦è¨S¦³¬Ý¡A°ò¥»¤W¡A§Ú̧â¤Ó¦hª`·N¤O©ñ¦b»`¶°³oӨƱ¡¤W±¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^§A»¡¡A§Ú¥ý¥´Ó§Ã¡A³o¦¸ªº¬¡°Ê¡A´N¬O»¡¦b§iª¾¥LÌ¡A¬Ý¬Ý°w¹ï©Ò¿×ªº«ü¾É¡A¦pªG¬O¹³§A̳oºØ¦X§@±¾¦W¡A¨ºÓ¬O¬Ý¬Ý³oӲĤ@²Ä¤G³oÓ¡A¨ºÓ«ü¾É´N¬O¦b³Õ¤h©ÎªÌºÓ¤h³oÓ½d³ò¡A¦pªG¥Lnµoªí´N¬O¡A¦b²Ä¤@±ø´N¬Oµù©ú½Ö«ü¾É¡A³o¤w¸g¬O³Ì»´ªº¤F¡I¨S¦³»¡«ü¾É±Ð±Â±¾¦W¡A¦ý¬O¦pªG§A³Õ¤h²¦·~¤F¡A¤w¸g¥i¥H¥h¼g½×¤å¤F¡A¨º´N¤£¥Î¤F¡A¦pªG»¡´N¬O¦b³Õ¤h½×¤å³oÃä´N¬O»¡¡A¦b²Ä¤@±øªºµù¸Ì±µù©ú»¡³oÓ¬O½Ö«ü¾Éªº±¡ªp¤§¤U§¹¦¨ªº¡A³o¼Ë·|¤£·|«Ü¹L¥÷¡H ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¨S¦³¡I§Úı±oÀ³¸Óªº¡I ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¦]¬°§Ú̳o¦¸°Q½×µ¥©ó´N¬O»¡n´£¥X¤@¨Ç°ò¥»ªº«ØÄ³¹À¡I¹ï¤£¹ï¡H¨º§A¬Ý¬Ý¡A²{¦b§ÚÌ´N¬O¯¸¦b§Ú̦ۤv¦Ñ®v¹À¡I¾Ç¥Í¥L¥i¯à·|¦³¤°»ò°ÝÃD¡A§Ú̳£¸g¹L¾Ç¥Í¨ì¦Ñ®vªº¶¥¬q¡A°²¦p»¡¥L¦b³Õ¤h½×¤å¼g§@¡A«ü¾É±Ð±Â´N¬O±¾¦W¡I³oÓ´N¬On¿Å¶q±¡ªp¡A¦b²Ä¤@±øµù¸Ì±¡A¬O¤£¬O¦³¥i¯à¾ÉP³o¼Ë¤@Ó«ØÄ³¡H ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^§Ú²{¦b§i¶D¾Ç¥Í»¡¥L¥²¶·n³o¼Ë§@¡A¥L¥Xª©ªº®ÉÔ¥L¥²¶·n³o¼Ë¤l§@¡A¨º¬O¦]¬°§Ú¹ï¥Lªº½×¤å¤Q¤À¦a§ë¤J¡A¨º¬O¤@©wªº¡I¦]¬°ÃD¥Ø¥i¯à¬O§Úµ¹ªº¡AÃD§÷¥i¯à¬O§Ú¥s¥L¥h¨º¸Ì§äªº¡A¬Æ¦Ü¥i¯à¨ä¤¤¦³¬Y´X¶¥i¯à§¹¥þ³£¬O§Ú¼gªº¡A¹ï¤£¹ï¡H ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¥i¬O³oÓ°ÝÃD¤ñ¸ûÃø¡A¦]¬°¦³ªº¦P¾Ç¯uªº¬O¦Ñ®v§ë¤J¤£¦h¡A¦]¬°¦³¨S¦³¯à¤O²¦·~¬O§Aªº¨Æ±¡¹À¡I§Ú̬O¦]¬°§â¤j¾Ç¥Í·í¦¨¤p«Ä¨Ó¬Ý¡A¬ã¨s¥Í·í¦¨¤j¾Ç¥Í¨Ó¬Ý«Ý¡A©Ò¥H§ë¤J«Ü¦h¡A¬O¤£¬O«Ü¦h¡H¹³¤é¥»®Ú¥»³£¤£§ë¤Jªº¡A¬O§A¨ÓÆ[¹î§Ú¡A«ç»ò°µ¬ã¨s¡A¨Ó¤W§Úªº½Ò¡A§A¾Ç¤£·|¬O§Aªº¨Æ±¡¡A¨º¦è¤è¬O³o¼Ë¤lªº¡C¦]¬°¥xÆW¦³¤H´N§ë¤J¦h¡A¦³¤Hı±o¾Ç¥Í¥D°Ê¤§¥~¡A§Ú´N¬On·ÓÅU¾Ç¥Í¡A³o«ÜÃø´¶¹M¤Æ¡A«ÜÃø´¶¹M¤Æ´NÅܦ¨¤@Ó³W«h¡A´N®e©ö¤Þ°_ªÈ¯É¡C ¡]¹ù¬ü¥É¡^¦b³ÕºÓ¤h½×¤åªº³¡¤À¡A¦³¤ñ¸û¦h¤£¦Pªº±¡ªp¡A´N¬O§ÚÌn¦p¦ó¬°³ÕºÓ¤h½×¤å¡]48¡¨13¡^¨Ó°µ©w¦ì¡A¦³ªº¹³¦U¦ì©Ò½Íªº¡A¤S¥i¥HÆ[©À[«ü¾É]¡]48¡¨18¡^¡A¤SÀ°¥L×§ï½×¤å¡A¨º½T¹ê¬O¦³«Ü¦h¦Ñ®v·|§V¤O¦aÀ°¾Ç¥Í§ï½×¤å¡A¨º§Úè´£¨ì´NµÛ§@Åvªk¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A¥uµ¹Æ[©À¡B¥uµ¹§÷®Æ¡]48¡¨28¡^¬O¤£ºc¦¨µÛ§@Åvªk«OÅ@ªº¹ï¶H¡A¦]¬°¥L¥²¶·n¦³ªí¹F¡B¡]48¡¨33¡^°Ñ»P¼¶z¤~ºâ¡A¨º´N³o¤@ÂI¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A¤u¬ì¥L̤@¼Ë¦³Ãþ¦üªº±¡ªp¡A·íµM¥L̪º±¡ªp¤ñ¸û©ú½T¡A¦³¤@¨Ç¤ñ¸û¶Ç²Îªº¥xÆWªº¾ÇªÌ¥L´N·|¥hÀ°¾Ç¥Í×§ï½×¤å¦¨¤ñ¸û¹³¼Ëªº¡A©Ò¥H¦b§Ú̳oÓ¦~¥N®³¨ì³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì´N¨ã¦³°Æ±Ð±Â¸ê®æ¡A°Æ±Ð±Â¬O¨ã¦³¿W¥ß¬ã¨s¯à¤O¡A©Ò¥H°ò¥»¤W¬O±q³oºØÆ[©À¨Ó¬Ýªº¡C¥i¬O¤@ª½¨ì¤µ¤Ñ¡A®³¨ì³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ìªº¬Û·í©ó§U²z±Ð±Â¨º³o¼Ë¤]¥¼¥²¡A¦]¬°ÁÙ¬On¸g¹L¼f¬d¡A¨º§Ú·N«ä¬O»¡³o¨ä¹ê¬O¦V²z¤u¬ì¥h¾aÃl¡A¥LÌ»{¬°¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¬O¥¼¸gµoªíªº¡A¨º¬O¤£ºâªº¡A¥¦ªº¼h¯Å¬OÄÝ©ó¾Ç¥Í̪º¤@Ó¡]ºc¦¨¡^¡C¦]¦¹¡A§Ú©ÒÅ¥¨ìªº²z¤u¬ì¡A¥L̬O¦³¤@¨Ç¾ÇªÌ¬O³o»ò°µªº¡A¥L»{¬°¾Ç°Ý´N¬O¾Ç¥Íªº¡A©Ò¥H¥L¤£À°¦£§ï¡A¥Lı±on¥H¾Ç¥Íªºì»ª¥h°µ«O¯d¡A¾Ç¥Í̽פ姹¦¨¥H«á¡A¥L¤ñ¸û¦b¥Gªº¬O¨ä¤¤ªº¬Y¤@Æ[ÂI¬O«Ü¦nªº¡AµM«á©â¥X¨Ón¨D¾Ç¥Í¥h¥t¥~¼¶¼g¡]µoªí¡^¡A¥iµoªíªº¡A¦]¬°¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¸ò¨ä¥L½×¤åÁÙ¬O¦³¤@©wªº¼h¯Å¡AµM«á¸g¹L¤F¼¶¼g¥H«á¡A«ü¾É±Ð±ÂÁÙ·|¿Ë¦Ûªº°µ§¹¾ãªº×§ï¡A¨º¥]¬A¤å¦r50¡¨00¡^¡B¥]¬A²Å¦X³W½dªºµ¥µ¥¡C³o¼Ëªº½×¤å§ë¥X¥hªº®ÉÔ¡A«ü¾É±Ð±Â´N¥i¥H±¾¦W¡A¥L̬O«Ü©ú½Tªº¤À³o¨âÂI¡C§Ú̪º¸Ü¡A¬O§â¾Ç¦ì½×¤åµ¥¦P©ó´N¬O±M®Ñ¡A¨ºÓ±M®Ñ´N®³¥h¥Xª©¡A¨º¦³ªº®ÉÔ§ÚÌ´N¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì³o¥»®Ñ¡A¤£¥h¬dªº®ÉÔ¡A¨S¦³µo²{¨º´N¬O¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¡A©Ò¥H¥Ø«e¦b°ê¬ì·|¸Ì±¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¤]¥u¦³¨â¦~¡A¤@¯ëªº¾Ç³NµÛ§@¸Ì±¥¦´N¦³¨â¦~¡Aì¦]¦b©ó»¡¡AÁÙ¬O§â¥¦°±¯d¦b¾Ç²ß¹Lµ{ªº¤@Ó²£ª«¡C°²¦p»¡§Ú̱µ¨ü³o¼Ë¤@ÓÆ[©Àªº¸Ü¡A¥i¯à´N·|Åý«Ü¦h¾ÇªÌ¤£¥²ªá¨º»ò¦hªº¤O®ð¦b§ï¾Ç¥Íªº½×¤å¤W±¡A§Ú¦³®ÉÔ·|ı±o¡A§ï¥L̪º½×¤å¡A§Ú¦Û¤v³£·|«D±`¦aÂÔ·V¡A¦]¬°§ï¨ä¹ê¬O¤ñ¦Û¤v¼g§óÃø§ó¨¯W°Ú¡A¨º¯S§O¬O¤@¥»«p«pªº¤G¤T¤Q¸U¦rªº³£¦³¡A§Ú̦ۤvn¥h¨M©w§ÚÌ«ç»ò¼Ë¬Ý«Ý¾Ç¥Íªº¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¡A¥un§ÚÌ»{©w¨º¬OÄÝ©ó¥L¾Ç²ß¶¥¬qªº¤@Ó²£ª«¡A¥i¯à´N¬O¤Þ¾É¥L¥h°µ´N¥L²{¶¥¬q¸Ì±ªº¤@ӳ̦nªºªí²{¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥Î§Ú̹ï¾Ç³Nªºn¨D¤£Â_¦a¹G¥L¥h§ï¶i¡]51¡¨17¡^¡Aµ¥¨ì¨ä¤¤ªº¬Y¤@³¹§ÚÌı±o¦³³Ð¨£¡Aȱoµoªí¡A©â¥X¨Ó¥h§ï¼g¡A¨º³o´N¬O²z¤u¬ì¥L̨«ªº¼Ò¦¡¡A©Ò¥H¥LÌ¥i¥H¦@¦P±¾¦Wªº²z¥Ñ¤]³Q±µ¯Ç¡A±Ð¨|³¡¤]¦P·Nªºì¦]¬O¦]¬°§Aªº«ü¾É±Ð±Â¥²¶·°Ñ»P¼¶¼g¡A§A´N¥i¥H±¾¦W¡A¨S¦³°Ñ»P¼¶¼g´N¤£¥i¥H±¾¦W¡A³o¬O¥Ø«e¤ñ¸û©ú½Tªº¤@ÂI¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¥i¬O§Ú̧ï¤F«Ü¦hC¡Aºâ¤£ºâ°Ñ»P¼¶¼g? ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^²{¦b°ÝÃD¦b³o¸Ì¡A¥xÆWªº¤å¬ì§â¾Ç¦ì½×¤åµø¦P¥Xª©«~¡A¬O¯S®í²{¶H¡]§õ¡G¹ï¡^¡A¤H¤å°ê¥~ªº¦³¨S¦³³o¼Ë¤l¡K¡K ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^©Ò¥H¼g±o¤£¦n¨ä¹ê¬OÀ³¸Óªº¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^´N¬O»¡¤£¬O§Aªº³d¥ô§Aªºªí²{¡C¤µ¤Ñ°ÝÃD¦b³o¡A§Ú̧â¥L·í§@¥Xª©«~¡]§õ¡G¹ï¡^¡A¦UºØ¨î«×¸òµÛ³oÓ¨Ó¡A¥i¬O³y¦¨«Ü¦h«á¿ò¯g¡A¥]¬A¦¨«~¸ò¥b¦¨«~¤£¤À¡]§õ¡G¹ï¡^¡A³s±a¦a§ÚÌ¥xÆWªº±M®Ñ¨S¦³¼f¬d¨î«×¥X¨Ó¡A©Ò¥H§A³Õ¤h½×¤å¤]¥i¥Hª½±µ¦b¬YÓ¥Xª©ªÀ¥Xª©°Ú¡A¦b¦è¤èªº¸Ü©O¡A®Ñªº¥Xª©¬O¤ñ½×¤åµoªíÁÙ§xÃøªº¡A¤£¬O§ó®e©ö¡A¨º©Ò¥Hèè¹ù±Ð±ÂÁ¿±o¨º±¡ªp¡A¨ä¹ê³oÓ±¡ªp¦b^¬ü¥@¬É¤å¬ì¤]¬O¤@¼Ë¡A©Ò¥H¥L̪º³Õ¤h½×¤å¤@¦Ê½g¸Ì±¯à°÷µoªí¥Xª©¤j¬ù¦Ê¤À¤§¤¡A©Ò¥H¦³¨S¦³¸g¹L§ï¼g¥Xª©ªº³Õ¤h½×¤å¡A¥Lªº»ùȦa¦ì¸ò¾Ç¦ì¬O¨â¦^¨Æ±¡¡]§õ¡G¹ï¡^¡A¨º¥i¯à¬O¤@ÂI¤C¡B¤@ÂI¤K¡A¦³¨S¦³¨ì¤@Ó¿W¥ßªº·N¸q¡A©Ò¥H«Ü¦h°ÝÃD²£¥Í©ó§Ú̳o¤@Ó¯S®íªº¨î«×¡C²Ä¤G§Ú̦b¨î«×¤W¤£§â³Õ¤h½×¤åµø¬°¤@Ó¥Xª©«~¡Aµ¥©ó»¡§A¤£¯à¦A¥Î²Ä¤G¹M¡A³y¦¨«D±`¦hªº«á¿ò¯g¡A¦]¬°§A¦³«Ü¦h¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¥»¨Ó´N¬O¥b¦¨«~¡A¥i¬O§A³o¼Ëªº¨î«×¤£¹ªÀy¥L§â¥¦¼g©w§ï¦n¥Xª©¡A¤j¶qªº½×¤åÀxÂæbÜ®w¸Ì±µ¥µ¥¡Aµ¥©ó®ö¶O³o¨Çºë¤O¡A¥]¬A¦Ñ®v³o¤@¥÷¡A©Ò¥H³o«Ü¦h½ÆÂøªº°ÝÃD¦b¸Ì±¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¨âºØ±¡§Î¡A¤@Ó´N¬O¥Ã»·³£¤£¨£¤Ñ¤éªº¡A¦³¤@ºØ¬O«Ü¿n·¥ªº¡A¦]¬°¤]¦³¤@¨Ç¾Ç¥Í¡A¥L¤@²¦·~°¨¤W´N¥Xª©ªº¡]53¡¨31¡^¡A¨º¥L¥Xª©¤F³oºØ±¡§Î¥Ln«ç»òªí¥Ü¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¥Dn¬O§Ų́S¦³¼f¬d¨î«×°Ú¡A¤H®a¬O¥Xª©±M®Ñ¡A»·¤ñµoªí¦b¤@½g¦³¼f¬d¹Lªº´Á¥Z¤W§óÃø°Ú¡A©Ò¥H¥Xª©¬OÓºaÄ£¡A§A¦b¤@ÓµÛ¦Wªº¤j¾Ç¤åª«¡A§Ú̱aªº¥Xª©ªÀ¤@ª½¨S¦³¤Wy¹D¡K¡K ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¥L¥i¥H§@µù¡A§Ú¬Ý¦³¤@¨Ç¥Xª©¡A¥L³s§Ç¸Ì±³s´£³£¤£´£»¡¬O½Ö«ü¾Éªº¡A¦ý¬O¡K¡K¨º§A¦Ñ®vªº¥I¥X¬O¦bþ¸Ì¡A«üªº¬O³oºØ°ÝÃD°Õ¡A¦pªG»¡«ü¾É±Ð±Â®Ú¥»¤£ºÞ¤F¡A¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^²{¦bªº°ÝÃD¬O³o¼Ë¡A°ÝÃD¬O§ÚÌ¥xÆW¤~·|¦³ªº¡A¤å¬ì¤~·|ªº¡A§AÁ¿¥X¨Ó¨S¦³¦@»ï¡A§A¥i¥HÁ¿«Ü¦h«Ü¦h«Ü¦h¡A¨º¤H®a¬°¤°»ò¤£§ï©O?§A¤£ª¾¹D¡C§A̬°¤°»ò¤£§â¥Xª©¸ò¤£¥Xª©¤À¶}¨Ó©O?²z¤u¬ì¨S¦³¥X®Ñªº°ÝÃD°Ú¡A¥u¦³±Ð¬ì®Ñ¡C©Ò¥H½×¤å¡A¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¸ò¥Xª©ªº¤@¥÷¡A¥i¬O¥»¨Ó´N¤£¤@¼Ë¤F¡C¦è¤èªº¤å¬ì©TµM¥LÌ¥i¥H¥X®Ñ¡A¥i¬O¥LÌ¥X®Ñ³£¸g¹L¼f¬d¡A¥X®Ñ¤ñ¥Xª©½×¤å¡B³æ½g½×¤åÃø±o«Ü¦h¡AÅܦ¨»¡§A³oÓ±¡ªpÅܱo«Ü©t¥ß¡C §AÁ¿¥X¨Ó¨S¦³¦@»ï¡]54¡¨50¡^¡A¤H®a¬OÁ¿§A§ï§Aªº°µ¨Æ¤è¦¡¡A¦Ó¤£¬On¨D³]©w¥t¥~ªº³W«h¡A³o¬OÓ¤j§xÃø¡A¤£¬O¤£¯à·¾³q¡A¥i¬O§An¥h»¡ªA¡A«Ü³Â·Ð¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^§Ú·Q§Ú¦Û¤v¡A²{¦bªº¾Ç¥Í¡A¤@¶}©l´N¸ò¥LÁ¿±o¤ñ¸û²M·¡¡A©Ò¥H¹³§Ú³Ìªñ¦³Ó³Õ¤h¥Í¡A¥Lªº½×¤å³Q°êĶÀ]¼f¬d±µ¨ü¡A×§ï¥H«á¥L²{¦b¥Xª©¡A¥Lªºµù¡A´N¹³¹ù¦Ñ®v»¡ªº¡K¡K»¡³oÓ¬O³Õ¤h½×¤å¡A¬O§Ú«ü¾Éªº¡A§Ú¥ý¼g§Ç¡Aok¡A§Úı±o³oÓ´N¬O¤ñ¸û²Å¦X¾Ç³N³W½d¡A¤]¤£¬O»¡³o¼Ë´N·|´î§C¥L³o¥»®Ñªº»ùÈ¡A¦]¬°§Ú¦b§Ç¨¥»¡³Ì«á×§ï¬O¥L¡A§Ú²{¦b¸ò§Úªº¾Ç¥Í°µ¤@¨Ç¦@¦P¥Xª©¡A¦ý¬On¤@°_¦X§@ªº®ÉÔÁ¿±o«Ü²M·¡¡A¦]¬°¦Ñ®v¦³§ë¤J¡A©Ò¥H¤@©w¬O¦@¦P±¾¦W¡C§Úı±o¾Ç¥Í¤@¶}©l¸ò¥LÁ¿²M·¡¬O¥i¥Hªº¡A¥»¨Ó¬O§Æ±æ»¡³oÓ°ÝÃD¤ñ¸û´¶¹M¡A¦b¤¤¤å¾Çªù¨ä¹ê¬O«Ü±`¨£ªº¡A¦]¬°¤¤¤å¾Çªùn¨Dªº½×¤å¤Ó¤j¡A©Ò¥H¾Ç¥Í¯à°÷§â³o»ò¤jªº½×¤å¼g¦n¡A¾÷·|«Ü§C¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^°ÝÃD¬O²{¦b¥Ø«e¦b±À§ï§Æ±æÃD¥Ø¤£n¨º»ò¤j¡A²{¦bµ}¦³°Êª«È¤£È±o«OÅ@¬OÓ°ÝÃD¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¨ä¹ê§Ú²{¦b¸ò¥LÌÁ¿¤»¸U¦r¡A¥un§A¼g±o¦n¨ä¹ê´N¤£¿ù¤F¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¥Dn¬O§Ú̧â¥H«eºÓ¤h¥i¥H¶i¤J¾Ç³N¬Éªº¤@Ó¨ãÅé³Õ¤h¯Zªº±¡ªp«O¯d¨ì²{¦b¡]¨S¦³¿ù¡^¡A¦]¬°¥H«eºÓ¤h¥i¥H¶i¤j¾Ç·íÁ¿®v¤F¡AµM«á©Ò¥H¨º®ÉÔ¬On¨D³oÓ¡C§Úè¦n¥h¦~¨ì³oӤ饻¸ò»´ä°µÓ¦Ò¹î¡A²{¦b¥þ³¡¹³¥xÆW³o¼ËÁÙn¥Xª©«p«pªººÓ¤h½×¤å¡A¥u³Ñ¤U¤@ӾǮաA»´ä¤j¾Ç¤¤¤å¨t¡A³sªF¨È³£¨S¦³¡A¤j³°¤W¤]¨S¦³¡C©Ò¥H§Úı±o³o¨Æ±¡¬O¤£È±o«OÅ@ªºµ}¦³°Êª«¡]57¡¨03¡^¡A²{¦b¾ú¥v¾Ç¬É¤]¦b±À°Ê¡A¥x¤j¾ú¥v¨tèè³q¹LºÓ¤h½×¤å¤£ã¶W¹L¤»¸U¦r¡A´«¥y¸Ü»¡n§A¨D½è¡A¤»¸U¦r¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W§Aªº¬ã¨s¦¨ªG³Q¤H±µ¨üªºµ{«×§ó°ª¡A§ó¦³¾÷·|³Q§ï¼gµoªí¦¨³Q¼f¬d³q¹Lªº´Á¥Z½×¤å¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^³oÓ«ØÄ³¡A«Ü¨ãÅé¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^©Ò¥H²{¦b¤w¸g¨S¦³³o¼Ëªº¤H¤F¡A¤w¸g¨S¦³³o¼Ëªº¨î«×¤F¡]§õ¡G¹ï¡K¡K¡^¡A³Ñ¤U¥xÆWªº¤¤¤å©Ò¸ò¾ú¥v©Ò¡A¨S¦³¥ô¦ó©Ò¬O³o¼Ë¤F¡]§õ¡G¨S¦³¿ù¡^¡A¦Ó¥B¤]¨S¦³§Oªº¡A¤£n»¡¦è¤è¤F¡A§Y¨Ï¬OªF¤è¤¤°ê¤j³°³s¤é¥»¤]§¹¥þ¨S¦³¡A¤é¥»ºÓ¤h½×¤å³£¬O¤@½g¥bªº½×¤å´X¤Q¶¡A»´ä¤]¨S¦³°Õ¡A¤¤¤å¤j¾Ç¤]¨S¦³°Õ¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¤j³°¤]¬O³o¼Ë¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^§Úı±o¨º´N§â³o±ø¦C¶i¥h·í§@«ØÄ³¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¤¤°ê¤j³°¬Æ¦Ü¤T¸U¦r´N¥i¥H²¦·~°Õ¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¹ï¡A¨º¨SÃö«Y¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¾ú¥v¾Çn¶}¤@Ó¥þ¥xÆW¾ú¥v¨t©Ò¥D¥ô¸ò±Ð®v°Q½×·|¡A°Q½×ºÓ¤h¯Z³oÓ¡K¡K ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¨º³oÓ¤]¯Ç¤J«ØÄ³¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¥þ°ê«ç»ò¼Ë? ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¥þ°ê¾ú¥v¨t©Ò¥D¥ô¸ò±Ð®v¥Nªín¶}¤@ÓºÓ¤h¬ã¨s¥Íªº¤@Ó®y½Í·|¡A¨ä¤¤ªº¤@Ó¥D¶b´N¬OºÓ¤h½×¤åªº©w¦ì¡AºÓ¤h½×¤åªº©w¦ì´N¯A¤Î¨ìºÓ¤h½×¤å©w¦ìªº°ÝÃD¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^³oÓ¥i¥H«ØÄ³¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^§Ṳ́µ¤Ñ¦¤W¡A¡K¡KÃC±X¶§ÃC±Ð±Â´N«ØÄ³¡A¦pªG§ÚÌn°µ¤@Ó°ò¥»ªº¾Ç³N³W½d¦u«h¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¤@©wnªº¦Û¤v¨t©Òªº¥D¥ô¡K¡K ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¤@©wn¦Û¤v¨t©Òªº¥D¥ô¶}·|¡C±z¬O¦]¬°¬O°ê¬ì·|ªº¥l¶°¤H¡A¨º´N¬O»¡²{¦b¥u¦³¸¥ý¥Í¥i¥H°µ¡K¡K ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^§A´N§â³oÓ«ØÄ³µ¹¸¥ý¥Í°Ú¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¨ä¹ê³oÓ°ÝÃD§Ú¸ò¸¥ý¥Í½Í¹L¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡G¸¥ý¥Íªº¤ÏÀ³?¡^¡A§Ú̵L·N¤§¶¡½Íªº¡A¬O¥h¦~ÁÙ¬O«e¦~§Ú¸ò¥L¥h¦Ò½×¤åªº®ÉÔ¡A½Í¤]¬O¨º»ò«p¡]58¡¨52¡^¡A¥i¬O«á¨Ó§Ú̦æ°Ê¡A§Ú´N¤£ª¾¹D¥L«ç»ò¤F¡C¡]58¡¨54¡^ ¦]¬°§Anª¾¹D¦pªG¦A¹L¡K¡K¦]¬°¾ú¥v¾Ç¨t§Ú²q¦³¤Àª[ªº·N¨£¡]59¡¨07¡^¡A¦³ªº¨t©Ò¤£·|§ï¡A¥i¬O¤¦~¤§«á³á¡A¾ú¥v¨t¸Ì±ÁÙ¼g«p«pºÓ¤h½×¤å¥i¯à¤]¥u¦³¤@¥b¡A¯S§O¥Dn¤j¾Ç¸Ì±¡]59¡¨17¡^¡A§Ú§PÂ_¥x¤j§ï¤F¥H«á¬F¤j¡]§õ¡G¬F¤j¤]·|¸ò¶i³á¡^¤]·|§ï¡A¨º±N¨ÓºCºC¦a§ï¨ì³Ì«á³Ñ¤U¥xÆWªº¤¤¤å©Ò¡]§õ¡G¹ï¡^¡A§An¤F¸Ñ²{¦b¤£¬O»¡ªF¦èªº°ÝÃD°Ú¡AªF¨È¡B¤¤°ê¤j³°¡B¤é¥»¡B»´ä¡]¹ù¡G¹ï¹ï¹ï¡^¡A°£¤F¤¤¤å¤j¾Ç¡K¡K»´ä¤j¾Çªº¤¤¤å¾Ç°|¥H¥~¡A©M¥xÆWªº¤¤¤å©Ò¡B¾ú¥v©Ò¥H¥~¡A¨S¦³°Õ¡A¦Ó¥B¥x¤j¾ú¥v¨t¤w¸g³q¹L×§ï¡AºÓ¤h½×¤å¬O¤T¸U¦r¡B¤»¸U¦rªº¼Ë¤l¡K¡K¤w¸g³q¹L¡C¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¨º³Õ¤h½×¤å©O?¡^³Õ¤h½×¤å˨S¦³¨î¡A³Õ¤h½×¤å¼g®Ñ·íµM°Õ¡A¥i¬O·N«ä¦b©ó»¡§AnºÓ³Õ¤h¤À³~¡A§A³Õ¤h´N¬On¦³¼g®Ñ¯à¤Oªº¤H¤~¯à®³³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì¡AºÓ¤hªº¸Ü©O¡A§A¦³¡K¡K§A¦³¨S¦³³oÓ¥»»â¡H§A±N¨Ó¨ìªÀ·|¤W§ä¤u§@¡A¦³³oÓ¥»»â¼g¦¨¤@Ó¦nªºÈ±oµoªí½×¤åªº¤H¡A¤]¦³¾÷·|¦Ò¨ì³Õ¤h¯Z¥h¡C·íµM¡A¦b¹L´ç´Á¶¡¤@©w·|¦³«Ü¦h½ÆÂøªº°ÝÃD¡A¥]¬A¦b¥x¤j¦pªG¼gµu½×¤åªº¤H§A¦Ò§Oªº¾Ç®Õªº³Õ¤h¯Zµ¥µ¥¡A¤£¹LµL½×¦p¦ó¨Æ±¡¤w¸g¶}©l°µ¤F¡B±Ò°Ê¤F¡A¨ì¤UÓ¤ë°ê¬ì·|n¿ì¤@Ó¥þ¥xÆW¾ú¥v¨t©Ò¸ò±Ð®v¥Nªí¬ã°Q·|¡AµM«á¤»¤ë±Ð¨|³¡n¥X±¿ì¤@Ó¤j¾Ç³¡ªº±Ð¾Ç¬ã°Q·|¡A©Ò¥H³oÓ¡K¡K³oÓªF¦èÁÙÆZ¦³½ìªº¡A¦UӾǪù¦Û«ßªº¡K¡K¦Ûµo¦Û«ßªº°ÝÃD¡A¦]¬°§A³oÓªF¦è¬O¯S®í²{¶H¡An´¶¹M¤Æ«ÜÃø¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^©Ò¥H¡A§A¥un§â³oÓ«ØÄ³®×µ¹°ê¬ì·|¡AÅý°ê¬ì·|¥h³B²z¡A§A¤£¯à¹GµÛ¸°ê¨}°µ³oºØ¨Æ±¡¡A§A¥i¥H«ØÄ³¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¹ï°Ú¡K¡K¡A¹³§Ú³Ìªñ¤@ӾǥͲ¦·~¡A¥L¬O¶³¬ì¤j¡A´N¥u¼g¤»¸U¦r°Ú¡A§Ú¤£ã¥L¼g¦h¡A¦]¬°§Úı±o§A¼g¨º»ò¦h¦Û¤v§¹¥þ¤£¯à±±¨î¡A¹ï¤£¹ï¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¹ï¡A¨S¿ù¡A¨º¬O§Û§O¤Hªº¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¥L°µ±oÁÙ¤£¿ù³á¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^§Ú·Q¬O³o¼Ë¤l¡A¦pªG¾ú¥v¨t³q¹L®Éªº¸Ü©O¡A§Ú¤£¾å±o·|¤£·|¹ï¥x¤jªº¤¤¤å©Ò¦³À£¤O¦³¼vÅT¡]§õ¡G§Ú¬Û«H¦³À£¤O¡^¡A©Ò¥H³oӨƱ¡§Ú¦b²q³á¡A¤¤¤å©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¼g§@ªº§Î¨î¸ò¤è¦¡ªº°ÝÃD¡A§Ú·Q¤T¤¦~«á·|¯B¤WÂi±¡]¬Y¡GÁÙ¬O·|¯B¤WÂi±¡^¡A¦]¬°¾ú¥v¤w¸g°Ê¤F¡A¥H«á·|¶V¨Ó¶V©t¥ß¡CÁöµM¤¤¤åªº¾Çªù«D±`¤j¡A¥i¬OÁÙ¬O¡K¡K ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¥i¬OÁÙ¬O¦³«Ü¦h¤ñ¸û¶Ç²Îªº¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^§c¡A¾ú¥v¾Çªù¤]¦³¡A¤£¹L¤w¸g¶}©lÅܤơC ¡]¹ù¬ü¥É¡^§Ú·Q¥i¯à·|¦³¤@Ó§ïÅܪº«´¾÷³á¡A¥i¯à¦U¦ì¤ñ¸û¼ô±xªº°ê¬ì·|ªº³¡¤À¡A¨º¥Ø«eÁÙ¦³¤@ӱШ|³¡µûŲ¡A´N¬OÄÝ©óµûŲ¤¤¤ßªº³¡¤À¡A³o¸Ì±¯A¤Îªº´N¬Oèè¦U¦ì©Ò½Í¨ìªº¾Ç¦ì½×¤å©w¦ìªº°ÝÃD¡A¦p¦ó©w¦ì¡H¨ì©³¬O¨D¥þ¡HÁÙ¬O¨D¦³³Ð¨£¡H§A¨D¥þªº¸Ü¡A¤£¥iÁ×§Kªº·|³B²z¨ì¤ñ¸û¦hªº§Ûŧ¾Ç³NÛ²zªº°ÝÃD¡A°²¦p»¡¥u¬O³W½d¦r¼Æ¡D¦Ó¨S¦³³W½d¥Lªº¤@Ó¤H©Ò±o³Ð¨£³¡¤Àªº¸Ü¡A¥i¯à»¡ªA¤O¤]¤£¬O¨º»ò¤j¡C¥Ø«e¦bµûŲ¤¤¤ß¸Ì¡D¥LÌ´£¥X¨Óªº¤@Ó«ü¼Ð´N¬O¡A¾Ç¦ì½×¤åªº¥Xª©pµe¬O°µ¬°µû¶q¤@Ó¨t©Ò¿ì¾Ç¤@Ó«Ü«nªº«ü¼Ð¡A³oÂI¤£¬O§â¤@ӾǪù¿W¥ß°_¨Ó¡A¦Ó¬O´¶¹Mªº¡C¨Ì²z¤u¬ì¨ÓÁ¿¡A¸Û¦p§Úè¤w¸g´£¨ìªº¡A¾Ç¦ì½×¤ån·Q¿ìªkµoªí¡A§Ú̪º°ÝÃD°²¦p¤´µM¥u¬O°±¯d¦b«Ü®e©ö¦a±M®Ñªº¥Xª©ªº¸Ü¡A¥i¯àÁÙ¬O¨S¦³»¡ªA¤O¡A©Ò¥H´NÅܦ¨¬O±M®Ñ¥Xª©¡A¯S§O´N¤H¤å¾Ç¤è±¨ÓÁ¿¡]01¡¨03¡¨18¡^ªº¸Ü¡A±M®Ñªº¼vÅT·|§ó¤j¡A¹³¬F¤j¤w¸g´£¨ì±M®Ñªº³oÓ°ÝÃD¤F¡C©Ò¥H¦p¦ó¥h½T¥ß±M®ÑÀ³¦³ªºÄYÂÔ©Ê¡A¥¦ªº¼f¬d¨î«×¡A¦b¨ä¥Lªº¾Ç³N¥Xª©¨Ã¦æªº¡A¤j·§¬O¥¼¨ÓµûŲ¤¤¤ß©ÒnÆ[¹îªº¤@Ó«Ü«nªº«ü¼Ð¡A³o¤]·|«P¦¨¦U¨t©Ò¦bµûŲªº®ÉÔ¡A¥u¦n§V¤O¦a¡A¤£·|¹³§õ±Ð±ÂÁ¿ªº¡A°ï¦bÜ®w¸Ì±¡A±µ¤U¨Ó´N¬O¥Xª©«~«~ºÞªº°ÝÃD¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^§Úı±o§Ú̬¡°Êªº·N¸q´N¬O»¡¡A§â·N¨£¸g¹L§A³Ì«áªº¾ã²z¡A§â³oÓ³ø§i©ÎªÌ³oӳƧѿý¡A´£¨Ñµ¹°ê¬ì·|¡A¦Ü©ó¥L«ç»ò¼Ë¥h³Æ®×¡B³Æ¬dµo´§®Ä¤O¡A³oÓ§Ṳ́£nºÞ¥L¡C¦ý¬O§Úı±o§ÚÌÁÙ¬On°µ¡C§Ṳ́µ¤Ñ¦³´XÓ¨ãÅ骺¡e«ØÄ³¡f¡C¦]¬°(³¯¡G¾ú¥vªº¾Çªù¤w¸g³o¼Ë¤F¡A§Ṳ́¤¤å¾Çªù¤]¡K¡K)§A¥u¬O¥l¶°¨Ó¶}Ó·|¦Ó¤w§r¡I§A³s³oÓ³£¤£°µ¡H³o¤£¬O¤@Ó¤Hªº°ÝÃD¡A³o¦³¨âÓ¥i¯à¡A°ê¬ì·|ªº¥l¶°¤H¬O¤@Ó¥i¯à¡A¥t¤@Ó¬O±Ð¨|³¡¡A¨º¤Ï¥¿§â³oÓ·N¨£¥æµ¹¨ºÓ³æ¦ì¬Ý¬Ý¡C©Ò¥H§A̶}¤F¥H«á¤@©w·|¦³¤@Ó¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¹ï¡K¡K¤£¹L§Ų́èS¦³n¨D¥ô¦ó¤Hn¬°¥ô¦ó¨t©ÒªºÅܲI®Ñ¡A¨S¦³³oÓ·N«ä¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¬O¡A¦ý¬O³oÁ`¬On¦³¾÷·|¤j®a°Q½×°Q½×¤@¤U¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¤£¹L¬O³o¼Ëªº°Õ¡C±z³oÓpµe¬O¤H¤å¾Ç¬ã¨s¤¤¤ßªº¹À¡I¤H¤å¾Ç¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¸ò¤H¤å³B¨ä¹ê¨S¦³¤°»òÃö³s¡B¤¬°Ê¡A¨º¯u¥¿ÃöÁä¬O¤H¤å³B¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^§Úª¾¹D°Ú¡C©Ò¥H§Úªº·N«ä¬O»¡¡A§Ú̧@§¹¥H«á¤@¨Ó¤Wºô¡A¨º»ò¤G¨Ó´N¬O§ÚÌ¥i¯àn§ë´Á¥Z¡A¥t¥~¤@Ó´N¬O»¡§Æ±æ¡A¦pªG¥i¥H°µ¦¨¤ñ¸û§¹¾ã¡A§ÚÌ´N¥X®Ñ¡C¨ä¹ê¥X®Ñ·|Åܦ¨¤j®a³£n¥Îªº¤â¥U¡A³o¬O¦nªº¡C¨º»ò²Ä¤TÓ´N¬O»¡¡A§Ú·|§â³oÓ³¡¥÷¡A§Ú̪º¨ãÅ髨ijªº³¡¥÷¡A¦pªG¦C¥X¨Ó¤j®a³£¦P·N¡A´N¬O½Ð¨ì°Ñ»PªÌ¡B»P·|ªÌñ¦W¡A¤@°_°eµ¹³¯³Bªø¸ò¸¥ý¥Í¡C¦]¬°§Úı±o¡A¤¤¤å¾Çªù¡A¥i¯à¤]¤£¬O¸¥ý¥Í¦Û¤v¤@Ó¤Hªº°ÝÃD¡A¥i¯à¦³«Ü¦h¨ä¥Lªº¦]¯À¡A§Ú¨ä¹ê¦³invite¥L̰ѥ[ªº¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¨ä¹ê¡A§Úı±o³oÓ°ÝÃD°ò¥»¨ÓÁ¿¡A¥DnÁÙ¬O±q¤j®a¹ê»Ú¤u§@ªºÀô¹Ò¤¤°µ°_¡A¹³¦¿±Ð±ÂÓ¤H©Î¬Oþ¤@Ó¨t©Î©Ò¡A¦pªG¯à¸I¨ì¨ººØ¦æ¬FªºÅé¨t¡A©ÎªÌ¬O»¡¡A¹ï¾Ç³N¬Fµ¦¦³¼vÅTªº³oÓ³æ¦ì¨Ó°µªº¸Ü¡A¬On¸I¹B®ðªº¡A©Ò¥H³oÓ¤@©wn¦³Ó¨ãÅé¡A¹³¥x¤j°µ³oӨƱ¡¡A´N¸ò°ê¬ì·|¨ä¹ê¬O¤À¶}¨Óªº¡C§Ú¨ì¥x¤j¬O¥©¦X¡A§Ú¨Óªº®ÉÔ¤w¸g¦b§@¤F¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¤w¸g³£¥u³Ñ¤U³Ì«áªº¤@ӲΤ@¡A¤j®a¯ó®×¥þ³¡³£¦n¤F¡A©Ò¥H¬O¥©¦X¡C¦³®ÉÔ¡A¥@¬É¤W¥©¦X¨Æ±¡¤]¤£¬O¨º»ò¦h°Õ¡I©Ò¥H¤@©wn¡A´N¬O»¡¤j®a¨CÓ¤H¦b¤£¦Pªº¤u§@Àô¹Ò¤¤¡A¯à°÷°µ¡A¦pªG¤O¶q¡A©ÎªÌ¬O»¡¦@ÃÑ¡A§Î¦¨ªº¸Ü¡A©Ò¥H´N¡K¡K ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^§Ú¦b·Q¡A¤]³\³z¹L±Ð¨|³¡ÅU°Ý«Ç¡A¦]¬°§Úı±o¶À¼e«¥ý¥Í¡A¥L¦n¹³º¡±µ¨ü¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¥i¬O¦]¬°¥L¤£¬O¤¤¤å¾Çªùªº¡K¡K ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¤¤¤åªº³¡¥÷¬OS»Ê¦p¦Ñ®v¡A¤]³\¤]¥i¥H½Í½Í¡A¦ý¬O³oºØ¦æ¬F³¡ªùªº§ÚÌ«ç»ò«ØÄ³¡H ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¥L̤]¨S¦³¸q°È¡A¬O§ÚÌ¥D°Ê¡A±µ³oÓ¾ô¼Ù¡A¦]¬°¦³þ¤@Ó©Ò¥X±¡A³£¬O¤£¦nªº¹À¡I°ê¬ì·|ªº¸Ü¡An¤ñ¸û¡K¡K ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¤£¹L±Ð¨|³¡§Úı±o¡A±Ð¨|³¡ÅU°Ý«Ç¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¨ä¹ê°ê¬ì·|¬O«Ü¤ä«ù³oªF¦è¡A¨S¦³¿úªº°ÝÃD¡K¡K ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^©Ò¥H§Ú»¡¤£¥u¬Oµ¹¸¥ý¥Í¬Ý¡Anµ¹³¯³Bªø¬Ý¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¨S¦³¡C³¯³Bªø¤£·|¥D°Ê§r¡A¦]¬°°ê¬ì·|°ò¥»¤W¬OӾdzN¬Éªº¦Ûªv¹ÎÅé¡A³Bªø¤£·|¥hºÞ¦UӾǪù¡A¦UӾǪù¤£¥D°Ê¡A¥Lµ´¹ï¤£·|ºÞ¡A¦]¬°¥»¨Ó¹ï³oÓ°ê¬ì·|¸ò±Ð¨|³¡¤£¦P¡A¥L¤£¬O²Õ´¡A¥L¬O¦Ûªv¹ÎÅ骺¤@ÓÁp¨¹¡A¨º³Bªø¬Ot³d¦æ¬Fªº¡A¥LÁÙIJ¤Î¤@¨Ç¦@³q©Êªº³W«h¸ò¬Fµ¦¡A¥Lµ´¹ï¤£·|ºÞ¨ìÓ§O¾Çªùªº¨ãÅé¬Fµ¦¡A¬Æ¦Ü³sªÀ·|¾Ç¥L¦Û¤vªº¾Çªù³£¤£·|¥hºÞ¡A¦]¬°¬O¦Ûªv¹ÎÅé¡A¥L¬OÓ¦Ûªv¹ÎÅé¡K¡K ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^§Ú·Q§Ṳ́µ¤Ñ¤]®t¤£¦h¡A¬O¤»ÂIµ²§ô¡A¤£¹L§Ú·Q³Ì«á§ÚÁÙ¬On´£¥X¤@¤U»¡¡A¾ú¥v¾Çªù¡A¨ä¹ê¦³¤£¤Ö±q°ê¥~¦^¨Óªº¡A¤¤¤å¾Çªù¥u¦³¤Ö¼Æ¬O±q°ê¥~¦^¨Óªº¡A©Ò¥Hµ¥©ó¬O±q¤@ӫܪø¤[ªº¦b¦aªº¶Ç²Î¡A¦p¦ó¥h¦]À³©Ò¿×ªº¹³Ã¹ªL±Ð±Â´£¨ìªº¬ü°êªºª¬ªp¡A¹³§A³£¦³¦b°ê¥~ªº¸gÅç¡A©Ò¥H³oÓ½ÄÀ»¡A¤¤¤å¾Çªù¬On¥h¦]À³ªº¡A¦Ó¤£¬O»¡§An¤£nªº°ÝÃD¡A©Ò¥H¡A§Ú´Nı±o§ÚÌ´N´£¨Ñµ¹±Ð¨|³¡©Î°ê¬ì·|¡Aª¬ªp¬O¡A¦]¬°§Ṳ́¤¤å¾Çªù¤@¦Vªº²ßºD³o¼Ë¡A´N»¡§Ú̬O¤£¬On¦³¬YºØµ{«×ªº¦]À³¡H¨º§Ú·Q¦pªG¦³¹F¨ì³o¼Ëªº¤@Ó¦@ÃÑ¡A§A¥D«ùªº³o¤@¦¸ªº³oÓ°Q½×·|¡A´N¦³¥Lªº³oºØ°^Äm¡A§Ú·Q·N¸q´N¦b³oÃä¡A¦n¤£¦n¡H ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¤£¹L§Ú̳oÓ¤ñ¸û«nÁÙ¬O§Æ±æ¯à¹F¨ì¤@ӾdzN³W½d¡A´N¬O»¡þ¤@¨Ç°ò¥»ªº¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^§Ú̬O¬Y¤@ӾǪù¡K¡K§An¥þ³¡¡A¨º©Ê½è®t«Ü¦h¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¦n¡C¨º§Ú̳oÓ¤µ¤Ñ´N¨ì³oÃä¡A³Ì«á©O¡A¨ä¹ê³Ì«áªº«ØÄ³¨ºÓ¨ãÅ骺«ØÄ³¬O¥Ñ§A³oÃä¨Ó´£¥X¨Ó¡K¡K ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¨º§Ú·|Åý¦U¦ì¥ý°Ý°Ý¬Ý§Ú¡A´N¬O§ÚÌn´£«ØÄ³ªº®ÉÔ¡K¡K ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¨ä¹ê¤]¤£¤@©w¡A¦]¬°§Ṳ́w¸g°Ñ¥[¤F°Q½×·|§A¬O§a°Q½×·|¡A©Ò¥H¤]¤£nñ¦W¡A¦]¬°§Ú̦W¦r³£¦b¤W±¡A ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¦ý¬O§Ú¦Ü¤ÖnÅý¦U¦ìª¾¹D§Ú°e¤W¥hªº¬O¤°»ò§r¡A§Ú²{¦b·|worry¡K¡K ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¨ä¹ê¬O©Ò¦³¥un¶}·|°Q½×¹Lªº§A³£¥i¥H´£¡A¦]¬°§A¬O¥D«ù¾ãÓ·|ijªº¤H¡A§Ú̳£¬O¨ÓÀ°¦£ªº¡A©Ò¥H³Ì«á¬O¡A°£«D§A»¡§A¦Û¤vn¥Í¥X¨Ó¨º·íµM¨Ò¥~¡A¦ý¬O¦pªG¥un°Q½×·|¡A°Q½×¹Lªº°ò¥»¤W§A³£¥i¥H¦b³Ì«áªº¡A¦]¬°³Ì«á´£¥X¨Óªº«ØÄ³¡A´N¬O¤@Ó¤ñ¸û¨ãÅ骺¡A§Ú̦b°Q½×ªº®ÉÔ¬O¤ñ¸ûÀH¾÷ªº¡AµM«á§An´£¥X¨Ó´N¤ñ¸û¨ãÅ骺¡A¨º³oÓ´N¬O§AµªÀ³¥D«ù³oÓ·|ijªº¤@ӳ̫᪺¤@Óµ²ªG¡A©Ò¦³ªº°Ñ»P°Q½×·|ªº¦W¦r¡A°ò¥»¤W´Nªí¥Ü»¡¾ãÓ§A´£¥X¨Óªº¡A¨CÓ¤H³£¦³°Ñ»Pªº³oÓ·N¨£¡C³o¼Ë¤l´N°÷¤F¡C ¡]¦¿¡^¨º§ÚÁÙ¬Oµ¹¦U¦ì¬Ý¤@¤UÅo¡A¤£¹L§ÚÁÙ¬Onµ¹¤j®a¬Ý¤@¤U¡A»¡¤£©wþ¨Ç¬O§Ú¦Û¤v¥Í¥X¨Óªº¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¥i¥H§r¥i¥H§r¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^§Ú̳£¤£¤Ï¹ï¡C
²Ä¥|³õ <¦¿Ä_³¦> º¥ý¡A«ÜÁÂÁ¦U¦ì¨Ó°Ñ¥[³o¤@³õ¤u§@§{¡A§Ú̳o¤@Ó¤u§@§{Á|¦æ¨ì³o¤@³õ¬O²Ä¥|³õ¡Aì¨Ó¥u¥´ºâ¿ì¤T³õ¡A¥i¬O«á¨Ó¦]¬°¬°¤F°t¦X¦U¦ì¥ý¥Íªº®É¶¡¡A©Ò¥H´N©µ«á¤F¡AÅܦ¨¤³õ¡A¤µ¤Ñ¬O²Ä¥|³õ¡C¦b§ÚÌ«e¤T³õªº°Q½×¸Ì±¡AijÃD¤j·§¦³¨â¤j³¡¤À¡A²Ä¤@Ó´N¬O¦ó¬°§Ûŧ¡A²Ä¤GÓ´N¬O¦p¦ó§PÂ_§Ûŧ¡A³o¨âÓijÃD§Æ±æ¯à¹F¨ì«á±ªºµ²ªG¡G§Ú̦³¨S¦³¥i¯à¨Ó¹F¦¨¤¤¤å®Ñ¼g³W½dªº¤@¨Ç°ò¥»ªº¦u«h¡C¥Ñ©ó¦]¬°§Ûŧ¦b¬Y¨Ç¦a¤è¡A¤×¨ä¬O¤¤¤å®Ñ¼g¤è±¡A¬O«D±`¦Ç¦âªº¡A«ÜÃø§Î¦¨¦@ÃÑ¡A©Ò¥H§Ṳ́¤¤å¾Ç³NªÀ¸sªº·¾³q¬O¤£¬O·|¬Û¹ïªº«D±`«n¡C ¦¤W¦b°Ñ»PªÌ¤¤¡AªFµØ¤j¾Ç¤¤¤å¨tªº¶·¤å½«±Ð±Â¡A¥L¦³ªk«ßªº°ò¥»I´º¡A©Ò¥H¥L´N¯S§O´£¥X°ê¬ì·|§PÂ_§Ûŧªº·Ç«h¡A´£¤F¤@Ó¨Ò¤l¡A«á¨Ó°ê¬ì·|§P³oÓ¨Ò¤l¦¨¥ß¡C¦¨¥ßªº²z¥Ñ¬O¡A²Ä¤@Ó¡A¤ñ¸û«e«á³Ð§@³v¦r§Ûŧ¹p¦Pªº¥Î¦r¼Æ¶q¡A²Ä¤GÓ¡A¥L¬O§ï¼gµ{«×¦hÁÙ¬O¤Ö¡A²Ä¤TÓ¡A¥L¤Þµù¥X³B¸Ô²Óµ{«×¦p¦ó¡A¦]¬°³o¤@¬qµo¥Í¦b¤åÄmÀ˰Qªº³¡¥÷¡Aµ²ªG°ê¬ì·|ªºµªÂЬO»¡¡A¨Ã¤£¦]¬°§Ûŧªº³¡¥÷¬O¤åÄm±´°Q´N¥i¥H±Æ°£¾Ç³NÛ²zªº¾A¥Î¡C¨º»ò³oÓ¬O°ê¬ì·|¥Ø«e¬Ý±o¨ìªº¥L«ç»ò¼Ë§PÂ_§Ûŧ¡A¥i¬O³oӮפl¬°¤°»ò·|¯B¥X¤ô±¡A¬O¦]¬°³o¦ì¥ý¥Í¥L¥h¶DÄ@¡A¦pªG¥L¤£¥h¶DÄ@ªº¸Ü¡A¨ä¹ê©Ò¦³ªº½Õ¬d³£¬O¤ô±¤Uªº¡C¦]¬°¬O¤ô±¤U¡A§Y¨Ï³Q§PÂ_§Ûŧ¤F¡A©ÎªÌ¬O»¡¦³§Ûŧ¶ûºÃ¡A¥i¬O«á¨Ó¨S¦³¦¨¥ß¡A©Ò¦³ªº§PÂ_¼Ð·Ç³£¤£ª¾¹D¡A³£¬O¼Ò½kªº¡C§Ú̫ܧƱæ¹ïªì¾ÇªÌ¡A¯S§O¬O§Ú̲{¦b¬Ý¨ì«Ü¦h³ÕºÓ½×¤å¡A¯S§O¬O¤¤¤å¾Çªùªº¡A¦³«Ü¦h°ÝÃD¡A§Ú´¿¸g±H¹L¨â¥÷§Ú̾ã²zªº¤ñ¹ïµ¹¦U¦ì¡CµM«á¦A¨Ó´N¬O¥Ø«eªº¦X§@ª¬ªp¶V¨Ó¶V¦h¤F¡A¥i¬O§ÚÌ«o«Ü¤Ö¢w¢w¤¤¤å¾Çªù§¹¥þ¨S¦³´N³o¤@³¡¥÷¡A¦X§@ªºÀ³¸Ó¦p¦ó§e²{¡A´£¥X¤@Ó³W½d¢w¢w§Ú·Q³o¨Ç³£¬O¥²¶·½Íªº¡C §Ú̳̫á½Í¨ì¤@Ó«D±`¦³ª§Ä³ªº¡A´N¬O©Ò¿×ªº¡u¦Û§Ú§Ûŧ¡v¨ì©³¦s¤£¦s¦b¡A´N¬O»¡¤°»òª¬ªp¬O¦Û§Ú§Ûŧ¡A¹³ªÇ®a¹ç¥ý¥Í´N·|»{¬°¡A¥ô¦ó¾Ç³N¬ã¨s³£¬O²Ö¿n©Êªº¡A©Ò¥H¨S¦³¤°»ò¦Û§Ú§Ûŧ¡A¥i¬O¹³ÃC±X¶§ÃC¥ý¥Í¡A¥L´N·|»{¬°»¡¡A¦pªG§A¦³·Nªº¥H¦Û¤v¹L¥hªº¤@½g¤å³¹¡AµM«á¨S¦³§ï°Ê¦h¤Ö¡A¤S®³¨Ó·í§@¤¦~¤ºµÛ§@ªº¦Aµoªí¤@¦¸¡A³oÓ¬O¦³§Ûŧªº°ÝÃD¡C§Ú¦Û¤vªº¸gÅç¬O¡A¦b§Ú̾Ǯժº¤Éµ¥¼f¬d¸Ì±¡A¦³¤@¦ì¥ý¥Í¥L¤j·§¦³¤@¥b¥H¤W¸ò¥Lªº³Õ¤h½×¤å¬O¤@¼Ëªº¡A¨º³oÓcase²Ä¤@¦¸¦¨¥ß¤F¡A¥i¬O²Ä¤G¦¸¸g¹L¤ñ¸û²`¤Jªº°Q½×¥L¤S¨S¦³¦¨¥ß¤F¡A§¹¥þ¤@¼Ëªº¤@¥bªº¦r¼Æ¡A¨º³o¼Ë¤ln¤£nºâ¦Û§Ú§Ûŧ¡C¦b¤Éµ¥ªº®ÉÔ¡An¤£nª`·N³oÓ°ÝÃD¡H§Ú·Q¤j³¡¤Àªº¥ý¥Í³£¤£¬O¬G·Nn³o¼Ë°µ¡A¥i¯à¥L¤£ª¾¹D¤£¥i¥H³o¼Ë°µ¡A©Ò¥H¬O¤£¬O¦³¥i¯à¡A¦³¤@Ó°ò¥»ªº¦u«h¡A¥i¥HÅý¤j®aª¾¹D¡C ¨º»ò¡A§Æ±æ§Ú̳oÓ¤u§@§{¡A°µ§¹¥H«á¡A§ÚÌ·|Âk¯Ç¤@¨Ç°Q½×ªº²Ó¸`¡A±ø¦C¦¡ªº¡A¤j®a¤ñ¸û¦³¦@ÃѪº³¡¥÷¡A§ÚÌ·|¦A±HÁÙµ¹¦U¦ì°Ñ»Pªº¥ý¥Í¡A¤j®a¬Ý¬Ý¡A¥i¤£¥i¥H±q³o¸Ì¥h§Î¦¨¤@¨Ç¦@ÃÑ¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^½ÐùªL±Ð±Â³ø§i¡CProfessor Rollins, Please. ¡]ù ªL¡^Good morning once again. Can you hear me OK everybody? First let me apologize for not being able to present in Chinese. I regret that very much, but at this point I'm afraid I wouldn't be at all intelligible. If you've looked at the handout that Patricia gave us, you'll notice that I've changed my title slightly. The reason for this really is that I felt that using the term ¡¨Western¡¨ was a little bit too much in my title because you¡¦ll see that I am focusing on North American and Australia attitudes, much more than anything. I don't refer to anyone in Europe. So I've changed that. Also, I¡¦ve used the term "evolving" because these ideas are changing actually very rapidly. And in the United States, in both the United States and in Australia, the situation at universities over the past twenty or even thirty years has changed radically because of the incoming of many, many thousands of students from across the world and particularly Asia and the Middle East. You¡¦ll see that I¡¦m focusing for the most part on students, but I will also make some points that can be taken in the context of academic professionals other than students¡K. Is this better? Oh yes, even for me this is much better. So I am going to be focusing particularly on moral, economic, and cultural issues, and I¡¦m going to begin with a kind of summary, very quick summary, of attempts that have been made in the past to project this as a moral issue only, primarily a moral issue. So let me begin here with ¡§Especially since the establishment of the belief that ideas can be dealt with as property, . . .¡¨ I should stop right there because I often think that here in Taiwan, at least, I have found that many people think the concept of plagiarism is really old in Western society, but it isn't really very old. And there has been the idea, especially I think since the Renaissance period, that a writer might plagiarize from another writer, but it wasn¡¦t really a very serious issue. It didn¡¦t become a really serious issue, from my point of view, until the nineteenth century, and that was because of economic reasons primarily. Within the field of literature, the main problem was caused by the pirating of literary texts written by writers, particularly like Charles Dickens and Mark Twain, who realized that they were losing huge amounts of money because for instance, especially Charles Dickens who was not being paid by American publishers for his works. He made two trips to the United States in the mid-eighteen hundreds during which he complained very strongly about this, and he became part of the movement, in England actually more than in America, to create copyright laws. Mark Twain became a part of that later when he began to realize that he too was losing a great deal of money because he wasn¡¦t being paid by English pirates. So this idea of ideas as property is not really very old historically. And that's why I put that in here. So once you have the idea that ideas can be property then the idea that ideas can be stolen becomes a moral issue. And as a moral issue, although underneath that, I believe it was more an economic issue than it was ever a moral issue, especially for publishing writers, and their publishers. Of course the companies were losing money as well as the writers. Since this time, "Western academics and artists have considered plagiarism and academic integrity to be essentially moral issues. Transgressions in these areas have therefore conventionally been considered failures to observe unwritten as well as written moral codes from God and community. In recent years, however, many North American and Australian academics, artists, and others concerned with what they perceive as a worsening problem have begun to see plagiarism and academic integrity as more complex issues, focusing increasingly on concepts of self and individual as well as the process of learning." And I should add here also the coming together of divergent cultures, disparate cultures. All right, let me quickly go through some of the attempts that have been made to cast plagiarism as primarily a moral issue. In "What's Wrong with Plagiarism?" Gunnar Swanson, a graphic designer, works through a list of reasons most people think plagiarism is wrong. Now if you look at your handout, the handout you were given, you'll notice the second page is a survey. This kind of survey in which you are asked on a scale of one to ten, to determine or to indicate, what you think is the worst thing about plagiarism. So I'd like you look at that for just a few moments. And just think about the options that you're given. First of all, it's effect on the original thinker, writer, artist. In other words, if you determine that someone has plagiarized from you, how much do you feel harm to yourself? that is, do you think that is a hugely important problem? If you do then perhaps you'll give a pretty high number on number one. Number two is the effect on the plagiarizer. I think most of us don't think about that very much. If somebody plagiarizes with a tendency... and when I say "we," what I'm thinking about is Americans. We don't tend to think of him as a victim. Number three is the effect on the academic or artistic professions. Obviously for all of us in this room that's a major problem because we feel that if someone is plagiarizing, they are somehow skewing the process by which people are promoted and by which people actually make a living within our profession. So many people would put a pretty high number for that. And then you get "Other." In other words, what would you add to this list of options? I have found in talking of this, about this in the United States, that most people, and it's very unscientific of me to say this because I haven't done a scientific analysis of it, but my impression is that by far the majority of people will say there is something really wrong with the survey because the most obvious thing isn't there. It's dishonest. Plagiarism is dishonest. So this should include at least one more option in which you say it's dishonesty or it's immorality. Americans certainly, almost I'd say, have a gut reaction, a knee-jerk reaction to plagiarism of "Oh, my God, it's so immoral. It's so, well, some of you may remember the case of Joseph Biden, who was running for the presidency in 1988. He quoted a number of lines from the British politician, Neil Kinnock, some really effective materials that he just sort of appropriated in one of speeches. And he didn't say where he got it. The American media picked up on that and it totally ruined his presidential bid. He had to withdraw from the race only because of that, because he was accused of being a plagiarist. Now of course we know politicians plagiarize all over the place, so there was nothing at all unusual about that. It's just that it made him seem dishonest. And of course he defended himself by saying, "Well, gee, I thought everybody would just know that was Neil Kinnock. It never occurred to . . . It's sort of like quoting Abraham Lincoln. Everybody knows that was Abraham Lincoln." But the American people didn't accept that. "Ah, come on. You're dishonest." So he had to withdraw from the race. He's running again now, by the way, but he's trying to forget that particular incident. So, ok, this little survey that I've shown you actually comes from Gunnar Swanson. If you click on this URL I've given at the bottom of this page, you will find that this is one of first things that he included in his article. I have kind of changed it. That's why I said, well in a kind of way I've plagiarized it. It's a sort of plagiarism, but at least I've told you where I got it. That means it's ok, right? Ok, well in this article, Swanson, who is a graphic designer, he's not an academic, he makes his living doing graphic design. And this is a field in which there has been a great deal of trouble with plagiarism, a lot of accusations of plagiarism because the lines between what belongs to one individual and what belongs to another individual can be blurred very, very easily. So Mr. Swanson decided that he wanted to work through this and try to come up with some way of dealing with this issue that would help designers avoid so many accusations, especially unwarranted ones. So he began with this idea of plagiarism as a moral problem; "It's a form of theft (and therefore a transgression against God)." It's "an assault on the collective good because it involves lies and fraud." Thus it can be considered "cultural vandalism." And then he works through a very well considered logical argument and comes to this conclusion that at least for himself, that's not really the problem. It's not that it's bad, it's not that it's immoral, but he says that it's "a falsification of self." Now I like this particularly as an expression of something that I have found is happening more and more in discussions of plagiarism in America, and that is this idea that it's a problem for the plagiarist, or the individual who does the plagiarizing, maybe more than for anyone else. So let's go on a little bit more with this argument: "I'm not one who defines design as primarily self expression, but clearly there is something of the designer in the design." I think all of us would say that when we write an academic article, even though being very academic in that we're trying to keep our emotions out of it, still we are in that. It's in our style, it's in our manner of thought, so it is a form of self-expression. "That's why most designers Choose to design," he says. "For many of us, the important part is the part that is a small sample of our souls. My naivete may be showing but I don't understand the desire to falsify an affirmation of self." I think what he's talking about is the desire to project yourself to the world as someone other than who you really are. Now Brian Lande is a graduate student of sociology at the University of California, or at least he was when he wrote this. He has completed his Ph. D. now. He decided he wanted to look at this idea of plagiarism as immoral from a historical point of view and go back into philosophers and try to find ways of seeing how this idea developed. He continues Gunnard's equation of plagiarism with dishonest representation of self that results in great harm to the plagiarizer. In other words, Lande doesn't deal with it so much as an offense against other professionals or against our colleagues but as against something that is immoral because of the way it hurts the self. So much of this harm comes through the subversion of the intent and value of education by undermining the assimilation which, according to Plato and Confucius "is necessary for education and for being moral." Now I think if any of you are philosophers you're going to see that he really sort of distorts both Socrates and Confucius and particularly Confucius in his attempt to turn this into a focus on the self, but he brings up some ideas that I think have become quite common in this evolution that I think I see in attitudes toward plagiarism, what's wrong with it. So I'm just going to focus on the part that I've underlined here. Using Socrates' attitude to what is moral and what is not, he's saying that "even if the individual is not caught, by plagiarizing he is not educating himself and will graduate without a proper understanding of how to think (the greater good according to Socrates) and this, too will affect the quality and type of life he will live (immediate good causing lasting pain)." Now ordinarily I think we might say, well, the problem with this is that he might get a job teaching at a university or in a college or high school or something like this, and he'll be incompetent; therefore, other people will be hurt. But Mr. Lande is saying, ok, sure, maybe, but I think the most important thing is that he hurts himself because he keeps himself from becoming as educated and as good a thinker as he should have become if he were not a plagiarizer. In other words, the plagiarizers moral transgression is more against himself than others. Ok, well, with Confucius I think you can see that, if you read this carefully, you can see that he's really imposing a Western way of thinking on Confucius's ideas, but it would seem to be because this was the first case I found, in fact the only case I found of a Westerner using Eastern ideas in order to justify the idea of the immorality of plagiarism, and I thought you might be interested in knowing that's there. I don't want to spend too much time on it because I don't want to make my presentation too long. But essentially he's saying that plagiarism does not, is an example of not following "The Way" in Confucius, and therefore failing to be a gentleman and failing to have honor and to be diligent, to do your own work. Now, after, given the fact that for I'd say now about 200 years, almost 200 years, Westerners have been looking at plagiarism as a kind of immorality, I wanted to look for a few moments at the ways in which many Westerners, North Americans, American especially, have been thinking that we should deal with this, and especially given what many think is a proliferation of plagiarism because of the Internet. The Internet makes it so easy to just cut-and-paste things together, as I've done here, and hand it over or even send it off for publication and not give credit to the sources. Lawrence M. Hinman, Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Values Institute at the University of San Diego, in a sense you could say has kind of given up on the idea of enforcing plagiarism rules. This is a very important change in attitudes among Americans. Most Americans have felt that you very carefully check everything out and when you detect plagiarism, you confront the student or colleague with it and you make sure that they are punished, and sometimes the punishment can be quite severe. But Mr. Hinman is saying that there is so much plagiarism now that that's just not a practical approach. In other words, everybody is doing it. Especially when you look at students, and especially when you look at undergraduate students, finding that so many people are doing it, if you fail everybody who can be accused of plagiarism, you won't have a university. So he has said, ok, we need to think of plagiarism as a problem of the self. There's something going wrong with the individual self, so "If we begin with a situation in which people want to cheat, then oversight," what he means by oversight is any attempt to find plagiarism and confront it, "will always be fighting a losing battle. If we can eliminate or substantially reduce the desire to cheat, then the chances of effective oversight in the remaining cases increase dramatically. And it is the cultivation of integrity that eliminates the desire to cheat. People with integrity not only refrain from cheating, but don't want to cheat. Integrity comes from the Latin integer, the word for 'whole' as well as 'number.' People with integrity have a sense of wholeness, of who they are, that eliminates the desire to pretend--through cheating, through plagiarizing, and the like--that they are someone else." I think this takes us back to that idea of Swanson's, it's sort of like why would you want to present yourself as different than you really are. There must be something wrong with yourself if you do that, you must lack something within your own soul. So developing a stronger sense of integrity would allow that sense of wholeness to develop more fully so that individuals wouldn't even think about plagiarism. "They would not want to pass something off as their own" that isn't their own. And he came up with I thought a very nice little aphorism there: "People of integrity live up to their own ideals before they challenge others to do the same." Now notice there's an implication in there that's a little bit tricky. It goes like "How can professors be so worried about plagiarism in their students' work when they're doing it on their own?" Now later, we're going to get someone who's going to be really hard on those of us in the profession and in essence say that plagiarism, or certain forms of plagiarism, are an integral part of research. Now one of the ways, one of the most effective ways that American universities have found to deal with this among students particularly, has been to establish an honor code. I thought that I would quickly go through this because many of you may not be familiar with it, this system. Basically this is an attempt to put the onus on the students, and take it off the faculty and the administration. This is a case where we can say that the authoritarian relationship between the administration and students, professors and students changes because professors in essence are saying, "We don't have time to go through all your stuff and check to see if it has been plagiarized or not. That's for you to do. That's your job. And in fact, if one of you is successful because of plagiarism, it affects all of you. It doesn't hurt me. Now I'm your professor, and it doesn't have any effect on me, but it has a big effect on you. So we want you to be aware of how, when one of your students colleagues plagiarizes it's not stealing from us. It's stealing from you because you are in a very competitive situation, especially when you get out and are looking for a job. If one of you is falsifying credentials through plagiarism, then the rest of you are going to suffer because that person, that liar, that cheat will get the job and you won't." Well, Timothy M. Dodd, who's the Executive Director for the Center for Academic Integrity at Duke University, has listed a number of a qualities of honors programs, and I have included the ones that I feel focus on focus on this idea about the self and the individual. First of all, students in these honors programs, "student-initiated and operated," the "students have full responsibility for investigation, adjudication, and sanctioning." They are the ones who "impose a single sanction for all violations." In other words, everybody who is caught plagiarizing, who is convicted of plagiarizing is either suspended from the university or expelled. These honor codes always "include a non-toleration clause," in other words, no form of plagiarism will be tolerated, and also include the idea that if you don't plagiarize but you know somebody who does, and you do not report it, you are also guilty. This is one of the toughest things about those codes. And I remember at least one case at a university I taught at where a student who did not report a violation was expelled. He didn't plagiarize, but he knew his roommate was plagiarizing. The roommate was expelled, and he was not expelled. He was suspended, for I believe a year because he didn't report the violation. This is one of the most important elements of these codes, in fact. Again, to put the sense of responsibility on the students: "You are responsible for taking care of this, not the university." Now these codes require a kind of "pledge on all work submitted." Now ordinarily, that's just all major work, like a term-papers, and especially exams. "All students must pass an honor code test or participate in honor code education before academic work will be graded." At universities where these honor codes are taken seriously, all freshman students during orientation week are required to attend workshops on the Honor Codes. Now in the next paragraph I'm giving you a short kind of summary of my own experience at Mount Holyoke College in the late 1970's when I was teaching there. This was a bit of a shock to me. Notice how extraordinarily liberal this seems, and Mount Holyoke still does this. Students were allowed to schedule their own examinations, including finals, within a period designated by the instructor. In other words, I would say, "OK, next week is finals week. You can take your final exam anytime during that week. I don't care when it is. You simply have to give it to me by the last day of the finals period." And they could do that anywhere they wanted. They could go home, they could go to the library, they could go to France. We didn't care, as long as they got the exam in on time. The exam had to be accompanied by a signed affidavit--now notice that I use the legal term here. It was actually an affidavit that was considered a legal document in which the student signed her, in this case because all the students were female, signed her name stating that she had fulfilled all of the conditions stipulated by the instructor and listed on the affidavit. In other words, each instructor would say what you could not do. I remember in several cases, making it clear that you could not use, any notes, no books, absolutely nothing but your own brain. And you might say, "That's just incredibly naive. Of course everybody would cheat. They'd just go home and use all their notes." But I don't think they did. I really never found a situation in which I thought a student had cheated during two years. I was only there two years. But during that period, I never personally had a case where I thought students had cheated. The same procedure was used for term papers and other major assignments. Now, Dr. Dodd at Duke has done a lot of research on this and he has concluded that "Serious test cheating on campuses with honor codes is typically 1/2 to 1/2 lower than the level on campuses that do not have honor codes." That's a pretty big difference. "The level of serious cheating on written assignments is 1/4 1/3 lower at honor code schools." Now why would that be? Most proponents of honor codes say that it has to do with the sense of honor. That's why we use that term "sense of self" and what one considers the self to be. And then also of course peer pressure, because if you are caught plagiarizing in one of these schools, the loss of face is just enormous. Basically, you are persona non grata on campus. No one wants anything to do with you. So, and that's among the students. The professors basically just sort of ignore it. Let me again mention that it is not the university that expels the students. It's the students who expel the student in honor code institutions. Ok, let me go on to another issue that I think will interest you quite a lot and that I think has become very important in American and Australian institutions and has a great deal to do with the rising number of students from overseas in those universities. In "Plagiarism Rises amid Funding Cuts," Anne Susskind, who has taught at two Australian Universities, attributes the wave of plagiarism and other forms of cheating to economic factors, especially those resulting in increasing numbers of overseas students in the Australian system. "Funding cuts have forced universities to take in large numbers of fee-paying overseas students. They number about 240, 000. . . ." Actually, I think it's higher than that now. Now let's just stop for a moment, and what students is she talking about? Notice she just says, "overseas." But in Australia, in the Australian Universities which are admitting large numbers of overseas students, where do those students come from? Well, it's obvious, isn't it? They're almost all Asians. Very few European students go to Australia for an education. So she is, and in fact in other parts of the article she comes a little bit closer, she never quite says, that Asian students cheat more than Australian students do. And it sounds really racist and culturalist, and yet, and she doesn't really go very far in her thinking, but Simon Marginson decided he needed to deal with it. He was really quite upset by this idea, because he felt that she hadn't explained herself very well. This is at the University of Melbourne. He says, "Overseas students work hard, perhaps two or three times as hard as first-language speakers, on assignments," but these students often feel they are being treated unfairly. "They feel they are being asked to do the impossible in their writing assignments, and that they are punished excessively when they fail to meet the standards being set." Thus "the ease of access to the Internet and even the possibility of buying essays become tempting." In other words, he is saying, Well, I don't deny that there's a fair amount of plagiarism among the Asian students here at Melbourne, but I think there's a very good reason for that, and I think we need to address that, We need to try to understand the situation that we put them in that pushes them to plagiarism when they otherwise wouldn't necessarily do it. And he is also saying that this is not a moral issue. This is caused by the fact that these students are paying very high amounts of tuition, they've got to go home with a degree, and yet so many Australian professors are expecting them too write as well as the Australian students. And at the same time the university is not providing these students with enough services to help them raise their English level to that point. Well this kind of thing has come up in American Universities, too, quite a lot, because English departments have been developing specialized writing centers, not just for Asians, but for anyone who comes to the University and is not a native speaker of English and has not had the benefit of high school writing courses in English, and especially has not learned how to do research, has not come up through an educational system which gives students the critical thinking abilities they need in order to write what we consider an acceptable research paper. All right, now, let me get to a somewhat different part of this issue concerning economics. Gary North, who is a writer and publisher in the United States, and who has been involved in a few plagiarism cases brought mostly, by the way, by his publisher, not so much himself, because he himself has been plagiarized from a number of times, decided that he wanted to get in this issue, and try to understand what's going on with it. He came to the conclusion that plagiarism is really a relatively minor problem in most cases, but it's actually a very important concept in the regulation of the artistic and academic professions. In other words, he doesn't see plagiarism as hurting him very much, even though it has happened to him a number of times. But he sees it as a concept that Westerners have developed in order to regulate the professions and especially the academic professions. So he has come up with a theory of plagiarism, an economic theory of plagiarism, that he has entitled "Guilds and Gold." Of course "guilds" is the old, the Renaissance, Medieval term for what we now call "unions," professional unions. "Sanctions against plagiarism are part of a system of academic guild control. As with most guilds, the screening process applies mainly in the journeymen phase. Sanctions are a matter of screening. The screening process keeps the supply of future competitors low. This keeps guild members' incomes high. "The master craftsman," in other words the full professors, "member of the guild, wants to preserve his image as competent His journeymen's competence reflects this competence. If he gets deceived by a journeyman, his reputation suffers." Now I think we can all see that there's something there. If one of our colleagues is plagiarizing and getting away with it, we all end up suffering, especially if it gets into the newspapers. I've seen this in the United States in several English Departments in which people in the street, this was at the University of North Carolina, they were saying, ah, those English professors at Carolina. They're all a bunch of bums. They get paid high salaries for doing nothing but stealing each other's work. And of course it was one, just one particular case of an assistant professor who was trying to get tenure and was accused of plagiarism and apparently had plagiarized to some extent, and he hit the newspapers. "If an academic con man fools everyone in the guild for years on end, then any public admission that he fooled them badly points to the incompetence of his peers. So, big name practitioners of the art of plagiarism do not get expelled from the guild, not even informally." Wow, in other words he's saying that we get really afraid when we begin to suspect that one of our colleagues is plagiarizing. We don't want the world to know, especially if this person has been doing it for a long time, and we haven't noticed it before, or we haven't done anything about it before. In other words, plagiarism among professors reflects on all professors and institutions, bring us all down in public prestige. Therefore, we really don't want to get into it, especially publicly. Now, he goes into some very obvious comments about business men and about politicians who employ speech writers, and everybody knows. I mean can you imagine a George Bush speech written by George Bush? Ah, the very thought makes my blood run cold. We know of course that a few did, like John F. Kennedy. He did write his own speeches, but he was an exception. So everybody knows the politicians employ speech writers and take credit for the speeches themselves, but we don't care. So why is it such a big deal in academics? Because that's how you get promoted, by publishing and by building up your reputation, and if those promotions come as a result of plagiarism then it casts the whole profession into the role of plagiarists, and liars, and cheats, and so forth. Let's go down to the top a little bit "There's an old slogan in academia: 'Steal a man's idea, and it's plagiarism. Steal ten men's ideas, and it's a term paper. Steal a hundred men's ideas, and it's original research." Now the concept of the ownership of ideas is, as important as it is, I mean at what point can we say that an idea belongs to an individual, especially when ideas tend to be combinations of other ideas? I mean this becomes really complex and there has been a fair amount of writing about this in recent years and especially in my field in literary academics, and in literary theory and especially if you think about someone like Roland Barthes and the death of the author which raises this question of who owns ideas, and essentially he's suggesting that nobody own ideas and is very much against this, the whole concept of plagiarism. "When I read that someone has plagiarized another man's work, I immediately think 'uninspiring hack.' I have heard Doris Kearns Goodwin on TV several times. If she should turn out to be a plagiarist, I would not be amazed." In other words, every time you listen to somebody giving their opinions, and especially on political shows, you could say that they are all plagiarists. Because of course nobody ever really has an original idea. Then the conclusion. "Plagiarism is regarded as an offense within academic guilds. When you cheat the guild system by plagiarizing another person's work, you deserve punishment. You have kept another rule-abiding person from getting through an occupational barrier. You have prospered at his expense. Someone has been hurt. For your plagiarism to harm another person, you both must be involved in a zero-sum contest: one person's gain comes at the at the expense of another person's loss. This is a fixed-pie environment." In another words, there's only so much to go around, and not everybody can succeed. Only certain persons can succeed. "This indicates the existence of system-imposed barriers to entry to restrict supply." In other words, if everybody becomes a full professor, being a full professor doesn't mean anything anymore. So plagiarism and concepts of academic integrity are used by us to make sure everybody can't become a full professor. This is part of his idea. "In most cases, a guild's barrier to entry is enforced by the State, and you can see the MOE setting up guidelines for promotion, this kind of thing. "It's members are using State coercion to restrict the supply of future competitors in order to increase their own income. This does not place a guild on the high moral ground. Compared to the use of State power to restrict entry, plagiarism is a minor offense." And what he means is morally a kind of offense. The moral issue, he says, is not what it's really about. It's about economics and, of course, about professional prestige. Now, very quickly I want to end with a few comments on what some academics, especially in Canada and Australia have felt what they need to do concerning the cultural problems that have arisen because of, not just students, but also professors in certain cases, going into the universities in Canada and Australia with somewhat different attitudes toward the ownership of ideas. In "Academic Integrity across Cultures," Garry N. Dyck, who's the Acting Coordinator of the English Language Centre at the University of Manitoba, advocates a culturally sensitive method of dealing with plagiarism committed by "international students." Basically, he sets up a kind of double standard in which he says that if any of our Canadian students plagiarizes, we need to be really hard on them because they have no excuse. But if an international student, and by "international student" really what again what he means is Asian students either from the Far East, China, Japan, Taiwan, etc., or a Middle Eastern student, we have to take into consideration cultural issues because of, first of all, they have not been taught about plagiarism in the same way that the Canadian students have, and they may come from a culture in which the ownership of ideas is not really central at all, and they may feel that there's nothing wrong with taking the words of someone else and using them in their own piece. It's a kind of "roteness," you could say. He talks about the fact that any culture that emphasizes rote learning tends not to emphasize creative thinking and analysis of ideas in the way that Western universities do. So he says, "Let's stop using the term 'plagiarism.' Let's not say, 'You've plagiarized.' Let's say, 'Well, you haven't gone through the process the way I want you to go through the process.' Let's deal with this as a learning problem, not a moral problem. Let's help the international students learn how to go through a process of analysis and discrimination and assimilation so that they can create what we would consider an acceptable research paper much more as a Western student would. And let's get completely away from the idea that the Asian students are trying to be dishonest." He's completely convinced that the Asian students are very, very hardworking students who want to be successful, and they certainly don't want to be dishonest, but they may simply not have the academic background that helps them understand the Western attitude toward morality and plagiarism. And finally, there's a laboratory called VAIL in the United States,Virtual Academic Integrity Laboratory, another organization set up to deal with what many think is a huge proliferation of plagiarism, to try to deal with this. The point of this particular group is to "Encourage students to recognize the value of individual effort in the academic setting." Now this is something that has been done in response to the growing number of international students but also the fact of the growing number of Americans, North American and Australian students, who have also been found to be plagiarists. "Students may not be aware of the high value the academic community in our culture" of course this means Canadian culture, "places on individual effort. Attitudes toward individual work and what we call academic integrity can differ from culture to culture. In some contexts such as the corporate world, collaborative writing is the norm. Teams of people may collaborate on documents, with no particular author getting the credit other than the company or organization. This is accepted and expected. But the academic environment is competitive, and we place a high value on recognizing and honoring the work of the finest individual or team." I think in the humanities here in Taiwan we can see this actually in at least one of the NSC guidelines to publishing and instructions on how to get a grant. I think you all know that if you write an article that is extremely successful, say it's published in an absolutely top international journal, but you did it as a collaboration with one or two colleagues, that you're not going to get nearly as much credit for it as if you publish an article in a lesser journal but you're the sole author. And that, to me, that raises a very important question about the way in which we determine what the amount of credit should be for research projects, but the emphasis here is that somehow you've got to do the work yourself in order to get the credit that you need for a promotion. If Patricia doesn't mind, I'll use our situation as an example. Patricia and I have been collaborating on a number of things for a number of years now, and essentially we're doing things that neither one of us could do alone. There's no way I could do some of the things we've done if I didn't have Patricia working with me. And on the other hand, Patricia tells me that that's true for her, too. She just wouldn't be able to have produced what we've produced if I didn't help her. This is because we come from different cultures. Part of this is that she's a native speaker of Chinese, and I'm a native speaker of English. And yet we're perfectly aware that whenever we put down one of our publications, we're only going to get half credit for it. Just a second. I've got a little problem here. A group of Australian academics, and you'll notice by the names here that we've got a kind of cross-cultural group here. Timo Vuori, whom I believe is Turkish and Richard Joseph, who is Australian, and Raj Gururajan, who is from India, at Murdock University, have come up with a very interesting way of dealing with this cultural problem. Notice they've concluded that "Plagiarism is not a simple matter of rule-bound definition: culture, circumstance and changing attitudes to the management of education interact to exacerbate the scope of the issue. . . ," and they especially say that "the heavy-handed tone of moralising, emphasising cheating could actually" make the matter worse, and then they give a list of the reasons for which they think this is true. Now I want to try to cut this a little bit short because I'm afraid I'm taking too much time. So I'll simply recommend that if you're interested in this problem, and the way in which North American and Australian academics are trying to deal with the coming together of cultures here, and to deal with individual student's needs rather than dealing with it as a kind of global moral issue, then you might want to look at this list, but I am going to look at the second item for just a moment: "The labeling of plagiarism as a moral issue 'presumes that people have knowledge of what constitutes appropriate behavior but also that they are capable of acting on the basis of that knowledge' . . . . The 'moral' view interferes with seeing plagiarism as a learning problem, rather than a moral one," and that's the point that I particularly like about these evolving attitudes toward plagiarism. When I first came to Taiwan, the first year that I was teaching in my department, I was teaching a course in Advanced Composition, and I was just stunned because everybody was plagiarizing all over the place, from my point of view. Of course after awhile I realized that I was one of those people who was expecting them to do something that was impossible for them. I was expecting them to write research papers just like the ones my American students had been writing at some of the top American universities. And I began to think, Good Lord, here I was having a horrible time learning Chinese, and thinking what would happen to me if I were all of a sudden in a course in which I was expected to write anything in Chinese and get a grade for it? So I've, obviously, I've changed my attitude quite a lot. And I began to realize that I needed to change my assignments. I needed to change the way I approached this with my students. So that I could be teaching them rather than condemning them. So my conclusion is, "Problems with academic integrity and plagiarism among students are increasingly being seen by academics in North America and Australia as less concerned with morality than misconceptions about the self, culture, and the learning process. This awareness has become part of a general movement away from authoritarian relations between faculty/administration and students and toward a greater sense of self and responsibility among the latter." And I should add moral responsibility among professors to adjust their teaching and assignments to the needs of the students, not just native speakers of English but learners of English as a second language. ¡@ [The following materials were projected on-screen during the presentation.]
Evolving Attitudes toward Plagiarism and Academic Integrity¡XMoral, Economic, and Cultural Issues
J B Rollins
Especially since the establishment of the the belief that ideas can be dealt with as property, and may thus be stolen, Western academics and artists have considered plagiarism and academic integrity to be essentially moral issues. Transgressions in these areas have therefore conventionally been considered failures to observe unwritten as well as written moral codes from God and community. In recent years, however, many North American and Australian academics, artists, and others concerned with what they perceive as a worsening problem have begun to see plagiarism and academic integrity as more complex issues, focusing increasingly on concepts of self and individual as well as the process of learning. In ¡§What's Wrong With Plagiarism?¡¨ Gunnar Swanson, a graphic designer, works through a list of reasons most people think plagiarism is wrong: 1. It's a form of theft (and therefore a transgression against God). 2. It's "an assault on the collective good because it involves lies and fraud." Thus it can be considered "cultural vandalism." He concludes that, for himself at least, the worst thing about plagiarism is that it "is a falsification of self":
"I¡¦m not one who defines design as primarily self expression but clearly there is something of the designer in the design. That¡¦s why most designers choose to design. For many of us, the important part is the part that is a small sample of our souls. My naïveté may be showing but I don¡¦t understand the desire to falsify an affirmation of self." http://www.gunnarswanson.com/writingPages/Plagiarism.html In ¡§'Thou Shalt Not Steal,'¡¨ Brian Lande, a graduate student in Sociology at the University of California, Berkeley, continues Gunnarson's equation of plagiarism with dishonest misrepresentation of self that results in great harm to the plagiarizer. Much of this harm comes through the subversion of the intent and value of education by undermining the assimilation which, according to Plato and Confucius "is necessary for education and for being moral."
Socrates An individual plagiarizes, according to Socrates' reasoning, out of ignorance of what is best for him in the long run; he plagiarizes thinking he will receive a better grade on his paper as well as by saving time and face by not creating ideas of his own. While this may be true, the consequences outweigh the immediate gratification (good) in two principal ways: 1) Though saving time, when caught (as often is the case), the plagiarizer will be expelled from his class or possibly the university, thus, making his education (the greater good) suffer which will have future consequences later in his life (a case of immediate good leading to lasting pain). 2) Even if the individual is not caught, by plagiarizing he is not educating himself and will graduate without a proper understanding of how to think (the greater good according to Socrates) and this too will affect the quality and type of life he will live (immediate good causing lasting pain). Thus, if we are to pick the greater good or lesser pain, as Socrates suggests, we should, to be moral, avoid plagiarizing as it is essential to ensuring our long term happiness. The plagiarizer's moral
transgression is thus more against himself than others.
Confucius Confucius believes that to be moral one must keep the natural order. By this, Confucius means we must obey the family and social obligations (biological basis of morality), follow "The Way" (or goodness) and traditions of the ancients--the result being a gentleman. Confucius said that "He who learns but does not think is lost" (Confucius 1989, pg.91). . . . The moral individual (gentleman) must not only keep his obligations and follow tradition, but he must also commit to following "The Way"--he may either be moral or immoral--there is no middle ground. Using this understanding, we can see how plagiarism is immoral. Plagiarism primarily violates the "good faith" or trust found in "The Way", for if one plagiarizes he is being deceitful and thus immoral (the professor assigned you to create your own paper). . . . The plagiarizer also has not been "diligent" in his task (he has been assigned to create his own paper and has not been successful), thus, again violating "The Way." So, to plagiarize with the intent to deceive is to violate "The Way" -- "to see what is right and not do it is cowardice" (Confucius 1989, pg.93) and immoral.
http://www.windycreek.com/Brian/thoushaltnotsteal.html
Attempts to Deal with Plagiarism as a Moral and Ethical Issue In ¡§Cultivating Integrity to Combat Plagiarism,¡¨ Lawrence M. Hinman, Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Values Institute at the University of San Diego , also approaches plagiarism from a perspective of self: "If we begin with a situation in which people want to cheat, then oversight will always be fighting a losing battle. If we can eliminate or substantially reduce the desire to cheat, then the chances of effective oversight in the remaining cases increase dramatically. And it is the cultivation of integrity that eliminates the desire to cheat. People with integrity not only refrain from cheating, but don¡¦t want to cheat. Integrity comes from the Latin integer, the word for "whole" as well as "number." People with integrity have a sense of wholeness, of who they are, that eliminates the desire to pretend¡Xthrough cheating, through plagiarizing, and the like¡Xthat they are someone else. For them, signing their name to something signifies that it is theirs. They would not want to pass something off as their own." "People of integrity live up to their own ideals before they challenge others to do the same." http://ethics.sandiego.edu/lmh/op-ed/combat-plagiarism/index.asp ¡@
Building on the idea that plagiarism and other forms of academic dishonesty may be approached effectively by an appeal to students' sense of self, many institutions of higher learning in the United States have adopted honor codes. Timothy M. Dodd, Executive Director of the Center for Academic Integrity at Duke University, lists the following characteristics of most college/university honor codes: ¡P student initiated and operated ¡P students have full responsibility for investigation, adjudication and sanctioning ¡P impose a single sanction for all violations (suspension or expulsion) ¡P include a non-toleration clause (duty to report violations); failure of a witness to report a violation is a violation ¡P require a signed pledge on all work submitted
¡P
all
students must pass an honor code test or participate in honor code
education before academic work will be graded" At Mount Holyoke College in the late 1970's students were allowed to schedule their own examinations, including finals, within a period designated by the instructor and to complete them anywhere they wished. The exam had to be accompanied by a signed affidavit stating that the student had fulfilled all conditions stipulated by the instructor and listed on the affidavit. The same procedure was used for term papers and other major course assignments. Dr. Dodd concludes that "Serious test cheating on campuses with honor codes is typically 1/3 to 1/2 lower than the level on campuses that do not have honor codes. The level of serious cheating on written assignments is 1/4 to 1/3 lower at honor code schools."
http://www.academicintegrity.org/honor_code_101.asp ¡@
Duke University Center for Academic Integrity: http://www.academicintegrity.org/ ¡@
Plagiarism as an Economic, Linguistic, and Cultural Issue In ¡¨Plagiarism Rises amid Funding Cuts,¡¨ Anne Susskind, who has taught at two Australian universities, attributes "the wave of plagiarism and other forms of cheating" to economic factors, especially those resulting in increasing numbers of overseas students in the Australian system: "Funding cuts have forced universities to take in large numbers of fee-paying overseas students. They number about 240,000, or a quarter of the student body." "Simon Marginson, a professor at the Centre for the Study of Higher Education at the University of Melbourne, says overseas students work hard, perhaps two or three times as hard as first-language English speakers, on assignments," but these students often feel they are being treated unfairly: "They feel they are being asked to do the impossible in their writing assignments, and that they are punished excessively when they fail to meet the standards being set." Thus "the ease of access to the Internet and even the possibility of buying essays become tempting." http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/plagiarism-rises-amid-funding- cuts/2006/11/22/1163871480372.html?page=fullpage ¡§The Economics and Linguistics of Plagiarism¡¨ http://wrt-howard.syr.edu/stepaside/archives/2006/11/a_happy_develop.html ¡@
Sanctions against plagiarism are part of a system of academic guild control. As with most guilds, the screening process applies mainly in the in the journeymen phase. Sanctions are a matter of screening. The screening process keeps the supply of future competitors low. This keeps guild members' incomes high. The master craftsman, member of the guild, wants to preserve his image as competent. His journeymen's competence reflects this competence. If he gets deceived by a journeyman, his reputation suffers. If an academic con man fools everyone in the guild for years on end, then any public admission that he fooled them badly points to the incompetence of his peers. So, big-name practitioners of the art of plagiarism do not get expelled from the guild, not even informally. To do so would be a public admission that "we are easily conned." This involves calling the guild's legitimacy into question. This could affect the entire guild's income, for in almost all cases, the guild is a State-sanctioned, State-regulated cartel. In academia, the control system is accreditation, a form of licensing. If a businessman steals parts of a speech, no one cares. Why not? Because there is no State-licensed guild whose members derive their income based on the reduction of supply of businessmen. The public does not care if a businessman steals ideas. His customers care only if whatever it is that he sells works as promised. They choose not to impose negative sanctions for plagiarism. American Presidents employ speech writers. No one cares. If anyone had to listen to Presidents' very own speeches, he would feel cheated, or perhaps imposed on. Businessmen also employ speech writers. No one worries about this, either. Speech writers get paid to sell their ideas to others. No one gets hurt. Otto Scott wrote a speech for the CEO of Ashland Oil, "The Silent Majority," delivered to the Chicago Men's Club (May 23, 1968). He was paid for his work. Members of the Chicago Men's Club were not concerned that someone else wrote the man's speech. They probably would have been amazed if someone else hadn't. It was a very good speech. The journalist Jeffrey St. John saw the phrase quoted in a newspaper, and he immediately called Ashland Oil. He asked who the CEO's speech writer was. The secretary told him. St. John knew as soon as he read the phrase that no CEO had coined it. He wanted to speak with the author. He thought the man would be interesting. He was correct. There are few men more interesting than Otto Scott. Then what is the problem with plagiarism, ethically speaking? Not much. It is a minor form of deception that makes the thief look a little brighter than he really is, or, more likely, harder working than he really is. There is an old slogan in academia: "Steal a man's idea, and it's plagiarism. Steal ten men's ideas, and it's a term paper. Steal a hundred men's ideas, and it's original research." This is not far from the truth. Anyone who goes to the trouble of stealing ideas from a hundred people has to put these ideas together into a coherent whole. This is where his creativity is, not in his reading habits. This is why creative people rarely plagiarize. Their creativity would be undermined by plagiarism. When I read that someone has plagiarized another man's words, I immediately think, "uninspiring hack." I have heard Doris Kearns Goodwin on TV several times. If she should turn out to be a plagiarist, I would not be amazed.
Plagiarism is regarded as an offense within academic guilds. When you cheat a guild system by plagiarizing another person's work, you deserve punishment. You have kept another rules-abiding person from getting through an occupational barrier. You have prospered at his expense. Someone has been hurt. For your plagiarism to harm another person, you both must be involved in a zero-sum contest: one person's gain comes at the expense of another person's loss. This is a fixed-pie environment. This indicates the existence of system-imposed barriers to entry to restrict supply. In most cases, a guild's barrier to entry is enforced by the State. Its members are using State coercion to restrict the supply of future competitors in order to increase their own income. This does not place a guild on the high moral ground. Compared to the use of State power to restrict entry, plagiarism is a minor offense.
¡@ ¡§The Ethics and Economics of Plagiarism¡¨ http://www.lewrockwell.com/north/north90.html
In ¡§Academic Integrity across Cultures,¡¨ Garry N. Dyck, Acting Coordinator of the English Language Centre at the University of Manitoba, advocates a culturally sensitive method of dealing with plagiarism committed by "international students." In essence, he downplays the issue of honesty and morality to emphasize the educational process individual students should understand and complete. http://www.umanitoba.ca/uts/resources/pdf/across_cultures_Feb_04.pdf In ¡§Preventing Academic Dishonesty and Designing Assignments,¡¨ the Virtual Academic Integrity Laboratory (VAIL) advocates that educational professionals "Encourage students to recognize the value of individual effort in the academic setting. " "Students may not be aware of the high value the academic community in our culture places on individual effort. Attitudes toward individual work and what we call academic integrity can differ from culture to culture. In some contexts such as the corporate world, collaborative writing is the norm. Teams of people may collaborate on documents, with no particular author getting the credit other than the company or organization. This is accepted and expected. But the academic environment is competitive, and we place a high value on recognizing and honoring the work of the finest individual or team." (http://www.umuc.edu/distance/odell/cip/vail/faculty/designing_assignments/index.html)
In ¡§Proposing a Model to Address Issues of Plagiarism in Australian Tertiary Education,¡¨ Timo Vuori, Richard Joseph and Raj Gururajan of Murdoch University conclude that "plagiarism is not a simple matter of rule-bound definition: culture, circumstance and changing attitudes to the management of education interact to exacerbate the scope of the issue. . . . the heavy-handed tone of moralising, emphasising cheating could actually exacerbate the problem rather than contribute to its resolution¡¨ for a number of reasons: The scope for plagiarism and what counts as plagiarism varies from discipline to discipline; The labelling of plagiarism as a moral issue 'presumes that people have knowledge of what constitutes appropriate behaviour but also that they are capable of acting on the basis of that knowledge' . . . . The 'moral' view interferes with seeing plagiarism as a learning problem, rather than a moral one; Emphasis on detection methods may actually encourage students to plagiarise as they will see learning as purely acquiring knowledge rather than a broader task of mastering the skills of the discipline; Attacks on plagiarisers based on the moral aspect of plagiarism could prevent students from actually recognising that their research and study skills need improvement.¡¨ Instead of seeing plagiarism as a deliberate or accidental decision involving a moral choice, we should recognize that it is also a learning and communication problem. http://www.lsn.curtin.edu.au/tlf/tlf2004/vuori.html
Problems with academic integrity and plagiarism among students are increasingly being seen by academics and artists in North America and Australia as less concerned with morality than misconceptions about the self, culture, and the learning process. This awareness has become part of a general movement away from authoritarian relations between faculty/administration and students and toward a greater sense of self and responsibility among the latter. ¡@
North American and
Australian Attitudes toward Plagiarism and Academic Integrity¡XMoral,
Economic, and Cultural Issues Traditionally, Westerners have dealt with plagiarism and academic integrity as moral issues. Transgressions in these areas have usually been seen as failure to observe unwritten as well as written moral codes from God and community. In recent years, however, many North American and Australian academics, artists, and others concerned with what they perceive as a worsening problem, have begun to approach plagiarism and academic integrity in different ways, focusing more and more on Western concepts of self and the individual. In ¡§What's Wrong With Plagiarism?¡¨ Gunnar Swanson, a graphic designer, works through a list of reasons most people think plagiarism is wrong: 1. It's a form of theft ¡]and therefore a transgression against God¡^. 2. It's "an assault on the collective good because it involves lies and fraud." Thus it can be considered "cultural vandalism." He concludes that, for himself at least, the worst thing about plagiarism is that it "is a falsification of self": "I¡¦m not one who defines design as primarily self expression but clearly there is something of the designer in the design. That¡¦s why most designers choose to design. For many of us, the important part is the part that is a small sample of our souls. My naivete may be showing but I don¡¦t understand the desire to falsify an affirmation of self. It seems like a losing game. Not only is the act of plagiarism a negative reflection of character, but plagiarized work robs the designer/copyist of one more precious chance to reach out with the very thing we design for¡Xto connect directly with other human beings. It makes a spiritual act mechanical." http://www.gunnarswanson.com/writingPages/Plagiarism.html In ¡§'Thou Shalt Not Steal,'¡¨ Brian Lande, a graduate student in Sociology at the University of California, Berkeley, continues Gunnarson's equation of plagiarism with dishonest misrepresentation of self that results in great harm to the plagiarizer. Much of this harm comes through the subversion of the intent and value of education by undermining the assimilation which, according to Plato and Confucius "is necessary for education and for being moral." An individual plagiarizes, according to Socrates' reasoning, out of ignorance of what is best for him in the long run; he plagiarizes thinking he will receive a better grade on his paper as well as by saving time and face by not creating ideas of his own. While this may be true, the consequences outweigh the immediate gratification ¡]good¡^in two principal ways: 1¡^Though saving time, when caught ¡]as often is the case¡^, the plagiarizer will be expelled from his class or possibly the university, thus, making his education ¡]the greater good¡^suffer which will have future consequences later in his life ¡]a case of immediate good leading to lasting pain¡^. 2¡^Even if the individual is not caught, by plagiarizing he is not educating himself and will graduate without a proper understanding of how to think ¡]the greater good according to Socrates¡^and this too will affect the quality and type of life he will live ¡]immediate good causing lasting pain¡^. Thus, if we are to pick the greater good or lesser pain, as Socrates suggests, we should, to be moral, avoid plagiarizing as it is essential to ensuring our long term happiness. Another brief way to look at plagiarism as being immoral is that it doesn't conform to Socrates' "unity of virtues" thesis. If we consider plagiarism a lack of self control and wisdom, and if self control and wisdom are virtues, then the plagiarizer must lack the other virtues of which morality consists of. Thus, the individual is not being moral by plagiarizing. Confucius believes that to be moral one must keep the natural order. By this, Confucius means we must obey the family and social obligations ¡]biological basis of morality¡^, follow "The Way" ¡]or goodness¡^and traditions of the ancients--the result being a gentleman. Confucius said that "He who learns but does not think is lost" ¡]Confucius 1989, pg.91¡^. While plagiarism can come into conflict with family and social obligations as well as the traditions of the ancients, it's immorality can be most emphasized by its violation of "The Way." But, what is "The Way"/goodness? It can best be defined as courtesy ¡]reciprocity: "do not do to others what you would not like yourself" [Confucius 1989, pg.162] ¡^, breadth, good faith ¡]trust¡^, diligence ¡]ability to succeed¡^, and clemency ¡]Confucius 1989, pg.210¡^. The moral individual ¡]gentleman¡^must not only keep his obligations and follow tradition, but he must also commit to following "The Way"--he may either be moral or immoral--there is no middle ground. Using this understanding, we can know see how plagiarism is immoral. Plagiarism primarily violates the "good faith" or trust found in "The Way", for if one plagiarizes he is being deceitful and thus immoral ¡]the professor assigned you to create your own paper¡^. We can also say that it violates the courtesy found in "The Way," since by plagiarizing and violating "good faith," the plagiarizer will be scorned ¡]which the gentleman avoids and also he does not act without "good faith" unless he wants that deceit reciprocated [courtesy]¡^. The plagiarizer also has not been "diligent" in his task ¡]he has been assigned to create his own paper and has not been successful¡^, thus, again violating "The Way." So, to plagiarize with the intent to deceive is to violate "The Way" -- "to see what is right and not do it is cowardice" ¡]Confucius 1989, pg.93¡^and immoral. http://www.windycreek.com/Brian/thoushaltnotsteal.html Attempts to Deal with Plagiarism as a Moral and Ethical Issue In ¡§Cultivating Integrity to Combat Plagiarism,¡¨ Lawrence M. Hinman, Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Values Institute at the University of San Diego , also approaches plagiarism from a perspective of self: "If we begin with a situation in which people want to cheat, then oversight will always be fighting a losing battle. If we can eliminate or substantially reduce the desire to cheat, then the chances of effective oversight in the remaining cases increase dramatically. And it is the cultivation of integrity that eliminates the desire to cheat. People with integrity not only refrain from cheating, but don¡¦t want to cheat. Integrity comes from the Latin integer, the word for "whole" as well as "number." People with integrity have a sense of wholeness, of who they are, that eliminates the desire to pretend¡Xthrough cheating, through plagiarizing, and the like¡Xthat they are someone else. For them, signing their name to something signifies that it is theirs. They would not want to pass something off as their own." "People of integrity live up to their own ideals before they challenge others to do the same." http://ethics.sandiego.edu/lmh/op-ed/combat-plagiarism/index.asp Building on the idea that plagiarism and other forms of academic dishonesty may be approached effectively by an appeal to students' sense of self, many institutions of higher learning in the United States have adopted honor codes. In ¡§Honor Code 101: an Introduction to the Elements of Traditional Honor Codes, Modified Honor Codes and Academic Integrity Policies,¡¨ Timothy M. Dodd, Executive Director of the Center for Academic Integrity at Duke University, lists the following characteristics of most college/university honor codes: úK student initiated and operated úK students have full responsibility for investigation, adjudication and sanctioning úK impose a single sanction for all violations ¡]suspension or expulsion¡^ úK include a non-toleration clause ¡]duty to report violations¡^; failure of a witness to report a violation is a violation úK require a signed pledge on all work submitted úK all students must pass an honor code test or participate in honor code education before academic work will be graded" At Mount Holyoke College in the late 1970's the honor code allowed students to schedule their own examinations, including finals, within a period designated by the instructor and to complete them anywhere they wished. To be acceptable, the exam had to be accompanied by a signed affidavit stating that the student had fulfilled all conditions stipulated by the instructor and listed on the affidavit. The same procedure was used for term papers and other major course assignments. Citing Dr. Don McCabe, "the foremost voice and authority on academic integrity research," Dr. Dodd concludes that "Serious test cheating on campuses with honor codes is typically 1/3 to 1/2 lower than the level on campuses that do not have honor codes. The level of serious cheating on written assignments is 1/4 to 1/3 lower at honor code schools." http://www.academicintegrity.org/honor_code_101.asp Duke University Center for Academic Integrity: http://www.academicintegrity.org/ In ¡§Students' and Faculty's Thoughts on Honor Codes,¡¨ Lauren Sachs ¡]an undergraduate student at Millersville University¡^also cites McCabe's research on honor codes: "Between 1990 and 1995, Donald McCabe, a professor of management at Rutgers University, found through his surveys that academic honor codes reduced cheating. McCabe's surveys were of 5,000 students from 14 small-to-medium campuses with strong academic honor codes ¡]Garrison 1¡^. 57 percent of undergraduates reported they had cheated one or more times, while on most campuses the cheating level is almost at 80 percent ¡]Garrison 1¡^." Ms. Sachs uses the University of Virginia honor code as a prime example in part because it was one of the first to be instituted by a major American university ¡]1846¡^: "The set-up of the honor system at UVA, "has been completely student run" ¡]University 1¡^. When the Honor System was started, the students decided that they wanted to be measured by their own standards and not just in the classroom. The students have high standards for themselves and felt that should be shown to the community. To show this "in 1969, the Honor System was revised to cover only honor violations committed within the boundaries of Charlottesville and Albemarle County, or wherever a student represented him/herself as a student of the University of Virginia" ¡]University 1¡^. The System has been and will be changed "to reflect the opinions of the student body" ¡]University 2¡^." At UVA, she points out, students found guilty of breaking the Honor System are expelled from the university. At Duke University, guilty students are suspended for two semesters. In general," Giving students significant voice and responsibility in issues of academic integrity appears to significantly reduce cheating." http://muweb.millersville.edu/~jccomp/acadintegrity/honorcodeslms.html Plagiarism as an Economic, Linguistic, and Cultural Issue In ¡¨Plagiarism Rises amid Funding Cuts,¡¨ Anne Susskind, who has taught at two Australian universities, attributes "the wave of plagiarism and other forms of cheating" to economic factors: "Students paying high fees and frustrated with what's on offer are answering in kind, and getting away with whatever they can in a debased education system that has become centred on a race for credentials." She also sees the rise in plagiarism as a result of increasing numbers of overseas students in the Australian system: "Funding cuts have forced universities to take in large numbers of fee-paying overseas students. They number about 240,000, or a quarter of the student body." "Simon Marginson, a professor at the Centre for the Study of Higher Education at the University of Melbourne, says overseas students work hard, perhaps two or three times as hard as first-language English speakers, on assignments," but these students often feel they are being treated unfairly: "They feel they are being asked to do the impossible in their writing assignments, and that they are punished excessively when they fail to meet the standards being set." Thus "the ease of access to the Internet and even the possibility of buying essays become tempting." http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/plagiarism-rises-amid-fundingcuts/ 2006/11/22/1163871480372.html?page=fullpage ¡§The Economics and Linguistics of Plagiarism¡¨ http://wrt-howard.syr.edu/stepaside/archives/2006/11/a_happy_develop.html In ¡§Academic Integrity across Cultures,¡¨ Garry N. Dyck, Acting Coordinator of the English Language Centre at the University of Manitoba, advocates a culturally sensitive method of dealing with plagiarism committed by "international students." In essence, he downplays the issue of honesty and morality to emphasize the educational process individual students should understand and complete. http://www.umanitoba.ca/uts/resources/pdf/across_cultures_Feb_04.pdf In ¡§Preventing Academic Dishonesty and Designing Assignments,¡¨ the Virtual Academic Integrity Laboratory ¡]VAIL¡^advocates that educational professionals "Encourage students to recognize the value of individual effort in the academic setting. " "Students may not be aware of the high value the academic community in our culture places on individual effort. Attitudes toward individual work and what we call academic integrity can differ from culture to culture. In some contexts such as the corporate world, collaborative writing is the norm. Teams of people may collaborate on documents, with no particular author getting the credit other than the company or organization. This is accepted and expected. But the academic environment is competitive, and we place a high value on recognizing and honoring the work of the finest individual or team." ¡]http://www.umuc.edu/distance/odell/cip/vail/faculty/designing_assignments/index.html¡^ In ¡§Proposing a Model to Address Issues of Plagiarism in Australian Tertiary Education,¡¨ Timo Vuori, Richard Joseph and Raj Gururajan of Murdoch University conclude that "plagiarism is not a simple matter of rule-bound definition: culture, circumstance and changing attitudes to the management of education interact to exacerbate the scope of the issue." Citing R. Briggs' "Shameless" Reconceiving the Problem of Plagiarism" ¡]Australian Universities Review, 46 ¡]1¡^, 19-23¡^They also conclude that the heavy-handed tone of moralising, emphasising cheating could actually exacerbate the problem rather than contribute to its resolution. A number of reasons are put forward by Briggs and these are paraphrased below: • The scope for plagiarism and what counts as plagiarism varies from discipline to discipline; • The labelling of plagiarism as a moral issue 'presumes that people have knowledge of what constitutes appropriate behaviour but also that they are capable of acting on the basis of that knowledge' ¡]Briggs, 2003, 20¡^. The 'moral' view interferes with seeing plagiarism as a learning problem, rather than a moral one; • Emphasis on detection methods may actually encourage students to plagiarise as they will see learning as purely acquiring knowledge rather than a broader task of mastering the skills of the discipline; • Taking a view that plagiarism is a moral issue is convenient for university management as this potentially ignores the considerable unrecognised resources needed to maintain vigilance; and • Attacks on plagiarisers based the moral aspect of plagiarism could prevent students from actually recognising that their research and study skills need improvement. In short, Briggs notes that instead of seeing plagiarism as a deliberate or accidental decision involving a moral choice, the problem is also a learning and communication problem too." http://www.lsn.curtin.edu.au/tlf/tlf2004/vuori.html ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^Please allow me to have a few minutes to respond to what Professor Rollins presented. I would like to express my deep gratitude for Professor Rollins¡¦ inclusive presentation on the issue of Plagiarism. Professor Rollins, who is teaching at the Department of Foreign Literature in National Chung Cheng University. Professor Rollins and I have been collaborating together for more than ten years. He also collaborates with me on this project. Next I suggest we can develop our discussions based on Professor Rollins¡¦ presention. Why are there so many plagiarism cases? Of course, any issue not included in his presentation is also welcome. I apologize to Professor Rollins that we can not proceed with this discussion in Eglish. ¡]ù ªL¡^That¡¦s my problem. I am the one who should apologize. ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^Thank you very much. ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¹ï¤£°_¡Aè賯±Ð±Â¤ñ¸û±ß¨ì¡A§ÚÌ¥i¤£¥i¥H¤¶²Ð¤@¤U¡H ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^±z¤Ó¤Ó¬O¤£¬O©P¥®¯·¡@ ¡]§d±K¹î¡^¤£¬O¡A©P°û¯·¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^èèÅ¥Professor Rollinsªº³ø§i¡A±o¨ì¤F«Ü¦hªº±Òµo¡A¤£¹L§Úªº«ÂI¸ò¥L¤£¤@¼Ë¡CMy emphasis will be different from yours. Your presentation involves students, I will be concentrating on scholars..º¥ýn«D±`ÁÂÁ¤µ¤Ñ¦³³oÓ¾÷·|¨Ó°Ñ¥[³oÓ¤¤¤å¾Ç³N®Ñ¼gªº³W½d¤u§@§{¡A¨º³oÓ¤u§@©OÅý§Ú¦³¾÷·|³oÓ¬Ùµø¾Ç³N¡A¤¤¤å¾Ç³N¼g§@³W½dªº°ÝÃD¡C¾Ç³NÛ²z©O¡A¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡³Q»{¬°¬O¤@ӫܨãÅ骺¹ê½îªº°ÝÃD¡C¦pªG§Ų́ìinternetºô¸ô¥h¬dªº¸Ü©O¡A¤@¯ë¤j³¡¤À³£°Q½×³oÓ¹ê½îªº°ÝÃD¡A¤ñ¸û¤£¤Ó§@ì«h©Ê¸ò¤ñ¸û©Êªº«ä¦Ò¡C·íµM¦³¤@ÂI¡AÄ´¦p»¡Professor Rollinsèè´£¨ìªºinternational studentsªº°ÝÃD¢w¢w¤å¤Æªº¤ñ¸û©Êªº°ÝÃD¡A¤£¹L°ò¥»¤W¨ÓÁ¿³£§â¥L·í§@¨Æ¤@Ó¹ê½îªº°ÝÃD¡A³o¬O¤¤¥~¤]¬ÒµM¡A¨º§Ú¬°¤F¤µ¤Ñ¨Ó³oÃä¡A°Ñ¥[³oÓ¤u§@§{¡A¤@¶}©l¦Ò¼{³oÓ°ÝÃD¡A¤]¬d¤F¤@¨Ç¸ê®Æ¡Aµo²{³o¨Ç°ÝÃD¤ñ§Úì¨Ó¹w´ÁªºÁÙ½ÆÂø«Ü¦h¡A¨º¦³«Ü¦h²`¤Jȱo¦Ò¼{ªº½ÒÃD¡A¦ý¬O§Ú¥Ñ©ó¤u§@¦£¸L¡A¨S¦³®É¶¡¸Ô¬d¸Ô¦Ò¡A©Ò¥H§Ú¤µ¤Ñ¦¤W¥^¥^¦£¦£¼g¤F¤@Ó¤jºõ¡A¨ºµoµ¹¦U¦ì¡C©Ò¥H§Ú¤µ¤Ñ´N·Q¡A«ö·Ó³oÓ¤jºõÁ¿Á¿§Ú¤@¨ÇÂø·P¡A¤£¯àºâ¬O¤µ¤ÑÃD¥Ø°Q½×¡A¨º§Ú³oÓ¨ä¹ê¡A³oÓ§Úªº²Ä¤@Ó¤jºõ¡A²Ä¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡A¬O¾Ç³N³W½dªº°ò¦·N¸q¡A¨ä¹ê§Ú¬On½Í¤@¤U³oӾdzN³W½dªº«ä·Q°ò¦°ÝÃD¡C My first issue actually will be the philisophical foundation of academic integrity, which is actually a western question. I know that you don¡¦t speak English. But I did not prepare in English. ¢×will be talking about a western question in Chinese. This only refers to one to three questions. Anyway, I will turn to Chinese. §c¡A§Ú¬Ý¤@¤U®É¶¡¡A§Ú±±¨î¤@¤U§Úªº®É¶¡¡A§c¡A§Ṳ́µ¤Ñ©Ò»¡ªº¾Ç³N³W½d¡A¦¨¬°°ÝÃDªº¾Ç³N³W½d¡A³o¦è¤è¶Ç¹L¨Óªº°ÝÃD¡A°ò¥»¤W¦è¤è¶Ç¹L¨Óªº°ÝÃD¡A¨º§ÚÓ¤H°ò¥»¤W¬O¤ä«ù³oÓÅé¨tªº¡A°ò¥»¤W¤ä«ù³oÓÅé¨t¡A§Úı±o³oÓÅé¨t¦b¤£¦Pªº¤å¤Æ¤¤¦b¤£¦Pªº¾Ç³NªÀ¸scivility¤¤¥i¥H½Õ¾ã¥i¥H¬Ù«ä¥i¥H§åµû¡A¤£¹L«ÜÃø»¡¦³¥t¥~¤@®M°ò¦¦b¸Ì±¡A©Ò¥H§Ú·Q¥ý½Í¤@¤U§Ú¹ï³oÓ¡A³o¤@®M³oӾdzN³W½dªº ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¥i¤£¥i¥H®³¤@¤U³Á§J·¡A¦]¬°§ÚÌn¿ýµ¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¥i¬O³oÓ³Á§J·èè¨Ã¨S¦³Ánµ¡Aèè³oÓ¨S¦³Ánµ¡A¶â¡A¦n¡C §Ú¤µ¤Ñ·Q¸ÕµÛ²³æªºÁ¿¤@¤U³oÓ¦è¤èªº²{¦bªº¾Ç³N³W½dÛ²z¡A©Î¬O³W½dÅé¨tªº»ùȰò¦¡A³oÓ«ä·Q°ò¦¡A³oÓ¨ä¹ê¤]¬O¤ñ§Ú¹w´Áªº½ÆÂø¤@¨Ç¡A¤£¹L§Ú¤j·§Á¿§Ú²{¦bªº²z¸Ñ¡C§Ṳ́¤¤å¬OÁ¿¾Ç³N³W½d¾Ç³NÛ²z¡A¥i¬O¤j®aèèª`·N¨ìProfessor Rollinsªº³ø§i¡A¥L¬O¥Îacdemic integrity¡A¨ä¹ê¤£¬O³W½d¡A¦ý¬O³W½d¬O¸òintegrity ªº³oÓ·§©À¨Óªº¡A¥i¬Ointegrity ªº³oÓ·§©À¬O¤@Ó«Ü¥O¤H§x´bªº·§©À¡A§Y¬O¬O¦b¦è¤å·í¤¤³£¬O¤@¼Ë¡A¦Ó¥B¹L¥hª`·Nªº«Ü¤Ö¡A¯u¥¿¹ïintegrity ªº³oÓ·§©À¶i¦æ¤@Ó¤ñ¸û§å§P©Êªºõ¾Ç©Ê«ä¦Ò¡A¨ä¹ê¬O«Ü±ß¶iªº¨Æ±¡¡C©Ò¥H´«¥y¸Ü»¡§Y¨Ï¬O¦b¦è¤èªºÛ²z«ä·Q·í¤¤¡A³oÁöµM¬O¹ê»Ú¤W¦s¦b«D±`«D±`¤[¡AµM«á¤]¦³«Ü¦hÅܤơA¥i¬O¨Æ¹ê¤WÅܦ¨¤@ÓÁcl©Ê«ä¦ÒªºªF¦è©O¡A¬O«ÜªñªºªF¦è¡C¦Ó¥Bintegrityªº³oÓ¦r¬O¤£¬O¤@Ó·§©À¡AÁÙ¬O¤@¸s²§½èªºªF¦è¡A¤£¦P©ÊªºªF¦è¦ê¦b¤@°_³Q¤@Ó¡A³Q¤@¨Ç¬Û¦üªºªF¦è¦ê¦b¤@°_ÁÙ¬O¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡C¤£¹L©O¡A§Ú²{¦b¤£¯àÁ¿integrity«Ü¦hªº¤è±¡A¥u¯àÁ¿¥¦¸ò¾Ç³N³W½d¾Ç³NÛ²z¬ÛÃöªº¤@¨ÇªF¦è¡C integrityªº³oÓ·§©À¦³¤@Ó¯S©Ê¡A§Ú²{¦b¥Î^¤åÁ¿¡A¦b®yªº¦U¦ì»{¬°¾A·íªº¤¤¤å¬O¤°»ò¡C¤¤¤å¨S¦³§¹¥þ¬Û¦XªºªF¦è¡A³o¥»¨Ó´N¬OÓ¾ú¥vªº²£ª«¡Cintegrityªº³oÓÆ[©À¦³Ó«D±`©_©Çªº¦a¤è¡A¥L¥i¥H¦P®É¨Ó«ü¤H¸ò¨Æª«ªºª¬ºA¡C§ÚÌÁ¿¤@¯ëªºÛ²zµü¡A¤£¥i¯à¹À¡A§A»¡honest¸Û¹ê¡A§A«ÜÃø»¡¥u¯àÁ¿¤H¡A·í¤¤¤åÁ¿¤°»ò¡u¤£¸ÛµLª«¡v¡A³oÓ¸Û°ò¥»¤WÁÙ¬OÓ¤HªºªF¦è¡A¥i¬Ointegrity¥i¥H¦P®É«ü¤H«üª«¡C§ÚÌ»¡³oÓ¤H¦³¨S¦³integrity¡A°£¤Fintegrity¤H¥H¥~©O¡AÁÙ¦³ªF¦èªºintegrity¡AÄ´¦p»¡§ÚÌ»¡integrity of an art work¡A¤@ÓÃÀ³N§@«~ªºintegrity¡A©Î¬Oscientific integrity¡A¬ì¾Çªºintegrity¡A¦ý¬O§ÚÌ»¡¤@Ó³¥¥ÍÀô¹Òªºintegrity¡AÄ´¦p»¡integrity of a wild region¡A¤@ÓÀô¹Ò¨S¦³³Q¤H¬°¯}Ãa¡CÕÙ¡A³o«Ü©_©Ç¡Aintegrity¥i¥HÁ¿¤HÁ¿ª«¡A³o¬Oӫܨu¨£ªº¤@ÓÆ[©À¡C©Ò¥H©O¡A¨ä¹ê§Úı±o¡A¾Ç³N³W½dÛ²zªº°ò¦¡A¸òintegrityªº³oÓ¯S©Ê¦³Ãö¡A¦]¬°integrity¥i¥H¨Ó´yz¨Æª«ªºª¬ºA¡A©Ò¥Hintegrity¦³Ó¯S¦â¡A´N¬O¦³¤£¦Pª¬ºA¡A¤£¦PÃþ«¬ªºintegrity¡AÄ´¦p»¡§ÚÌ»¡¤@ÓÃÀ³N¡Ajust integrity¡A¸òacademic integrity©Î¬Oelection integrity¡]01:14:58¡^¨ä¹ê¦³«Ü¦h¤£¦Pªº·N¸q¡A¬Æ¦ÜÁ¿¨ì¤Hªºintegrity¡A¤S¤£¦P¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡©O¡A§ÚÌn¯u¥¿ÁA¸Ñ¦è¤èªº¾Ç³N³W½dªº·§©À¡A¤£¯à¤£²z¸Ñ³oÓintegrityªº·§©À¡A¨ºintegrityªº·§©À¤S¤£¯à¤£ÁA¸Ñ¨ìintegrityªº·§©À¥i¥H¦P®É¥]§t¤H¸òª«¡A¾Ç³N³W½dªº·§©À¨ä¹ê´N¸ò¾Ç³N³W½dintegrity¦³Ãö¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¬°¤°»ò§@¬ã¨sªº¤Hn¦³integrity©O¡H¬O¦]¬°¾Ç³N§@«~nintegrity ¡A¾Ç³N¬ã¨sn¦³integrity¡A©Ò¥H©O¡A¾Ç³N³W½d¡A¦pªG§Ú̱q³oÓ·§©À¦P®É¥]§t¤H¸ò¨Æª«¨Ó¥Xµoªº¸Ü©O¡A¥i¥H±o¨ì¤@Ó¤j·§ªº²z¸Ñ¡A´N¬O»¡¾Ç³N³W½dªº¯S©Ê¡A¨ä¹ê³Ì³ÌÃöÁ䪺¡A¨Ã¤£¬O¦b³W½d¾ÇªÌ¥»¤H¡A§A¤£¬O¾ÇªÌ§A¤]¥i¥H°µ¤@ӫܦnªº¤H¡A¦Ó¬On¹F¦¨¾Ç³N¤u§@ªºintegrity¡An¹F¦¨¤@ӾdzN¤u§@ªº¦X²z¥Ø¼Ð¡C³oӥؼЬO¤°»ò©O¡H¶Ç²Î¤W´N¬O¨D¯u¡C¬°¤F¨D¯u¡A§A³oÓ§@«~n¨D¯u¡A§A¤~¯à¦³integrity¡A¾ÇªÌn¹F¦¨¡u¨D¯u¡vªº¥Øªº¡A§Aªº¤u§@¥²»Ýintegrity¡C§Aªº¤H¡A¦Ü¤Ö¡A°µ¬°¤@ӾdzN¤u§@ªÌ¡A§An²Å¦X¬ÛÃöªºn¨D¡A©Ò¥H§An¦³integrity¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A³oӾdzN¤u§@ªºintegrity¡A¨ä¹ê±q¤u§@ªº©Ê½è¦Ó¨Ó¡C¨º«Ü¤jµ{«×¤W¡A·íµM§Ú¤£¤Ï¹ïèèProfessor Rollins»¡ªk¡A¸òmaterialism¦³Ãö¡A¤£¹L[³o]¥H¥~¡A¨ä¹êÁÙ¦³¤@Ó°ÝÃD´N¬O»¡¡A¾Ç³N¤u§@¦pªG¤£·Óintegrity¨Ó°µªº¸Ü¡A¥L¤£¯u¡C ¸Ü¤S»¡¦^¨Ó¤F¡A¬°¤°»ò¤µ¤Ñ³oÓ¥@¬É¤W¡A¬°¤°»ò²{¦b¾Ç³NÛ²z·|¨º»òÄY«¡H¤£ºÞ¦b¾Ç¥Í¡A¦b³oӾǪ̨¤W¡A°£¤FÄ´¦p»¡¡A°ê»Ú¶¡¤å¤Æ¤£¦Pªº¥æ¬y±µÄ²¥H¥~¡A¼Ð·Çªº²V²c¡AÁÙ¦³ºô¸ôªº¤è«K¡A§Ûŧªº®e©ö¥H¥~¡A¨ä¹êÁÙ¦³¤@Ó¦]¯À¡A´N¬O¾Ç³N¤u§@©Ê½èªºÅܤơC§Y¨Ï¦b¤T¡B¥|¤Q¦~«e¡A¾Ç³N¤u§@ªº©Ê½è¸òÃÀ³N«Ü±µªñ¡A¬O¬°¤F³ß¦n¦Ó°µ¡A¬O¬°¤F¨D¯u¦Ó°µ¡A²{¦b¾Ç³N¤u§@¤j¤jªº§Q¯q¤Æ¡A¸òª÷¿ú¡A¸ò¤Éµ¥¡A¸ò¦a¦ì¡A¸ò¨Æ·~¦³Ãö¡F¤H¬°¤F¨Æ·~¡A¬°¤Fª÷¿ú¡A¬°¤F¤Éµ¥¡A¬°¤F±o¨ì¬ã¨s°òª÷¡A¸ò¨D¯uÃö«Y¤£¬O¨º»òªñ¤F¡C³oÓ±¡ªp¡A³oөʽè°_¤FÅܤƥH«á©O¡A³oÓintegrity³y¦¨«Ü¤jªº°ÝÃD¤F¡A¬Æ¦Ü¬°¤F±o¿Õ¨©º¸¼ú¡AÁú°êªºº~«°¤j¾Ç¡Bºº¸¤j¾ÇªºÃ~Âå¾ÇªÌ¡e³y°²¡f¡C©Ò¥H¡A³oÓ¥Dn¸ò¾Ç³N¤u§@ªº©Ê½è¡A°_¤FÅܤƦ³Ãö¡C§Úı±o³o³y¦¨¸òintegrityªº¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡A»¡©ú¤Fintegrityªº°ÝÃD¡C integrity³oÓ·§©Àªº°ò¥»¬Ýªk¥H¥~©O¡A²{¦b´NnÂ÷¶}¾Ç³N¤u§@ªºintegrity¡A¨ì¾ÇªÌªºintegrity¡C¤£¹L§Úªº«e´£¬O»¡¡A¬°¤°»ò¬ã¨sªÌ¡B¾ÇªÌnintegrity¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W³oÓ©M¾Ç³N¤u§@¦³Ãö¡A´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡AÃÀ³N®a¤]¬O¤@¼Ë¡AÃÀ³N®a¬°¤°»ònintegrity¡A¸òÃÀ³N§@«~ªº©Ê½è¦³Ãö¡A¤ñ¦p»¡ÃÀ³N§@«~ÃÀ³N®aªºintegrity¡A¤@ÓÃÀ³N§@«~¦³«Ü«nªº¯S¦â¡A´N¬O¤£n´A«U¡A¤£n¸ò¥«³õ¨«¡A¦]¬°§A¸òµÛ¥«³õ¨«¡A¸òµÛ§A·QÆ[²³·QÅ¥¤°»òªº®ÉÔ©O¡A§A´N·|§ïÅܤFÃÀ³Nªºì²z¡B°]´I¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A§@«~¤u§@ªº©Ê½è¡A¼vÅT¨ìintegrityªº¼Ð·Ç¡A³oӼзǦb¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¤¤¨Ã¤£¤Ó«n¡A¦]¬°¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¥»¨Ó´Nn·sªºµo²{¡B¨£¸Ñ¡B¨D¯u¡A¨S¦³¤°»ò°ÝÃD¡C §Ú²{¦b´NÂ÷¶}³oӾdzN¤u§@integrity¡A¨ÓÁ¿¬ã¨sªÌintegrityªº°ÝÃD¡C§Úı±ointegrity³oÓ¦r©O¡A½Í¨ì¤Hªº¸Ü¡A½Í¨ì¾ÇªÌªº¸Ü¡A¤¤¤å¤ñ¸û¦nªºÂ½Ä¶§Úı±o¬O¸Û¥¿¡K¡K¸Û¥¿¡A¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡¬O¸Û«H¡A§Ú²{¦bÁ¿ªº´N¬O»¡¡A§Ú¥u½Í°µ¬°¤Hªºintegrity½Ķ¡A¨º°µ¬°¨Æª«¡Bª¬ºAªºintegrity¡A½Ķ¤]¤£¯à³o¼Ë½Ķ¡A§A«ÜÃø»¡¤@ÓÃÀ³N§@«~ªº¸Û¥¿¡A¦n¹³¤£¬O¨º»ò³q¡A©Ò¥H¥ý¤£ºÞ³oÓªF¦è¡C§Úı±o¸Û¥¿¤ñ¸û¦n¡A¨ºÂ½Ä¶Â½¦¨¸Û¥¿ªº¸Ü©O¡A¤£ºÞ«ç»ò½¡A¤@©w¦³¸Û³oÓ¦r¡A¦]¬°integrity¸Ì±¡A³Ì¥Dnªº·§©À´N¬O¸Û¹ê¡A³o¤@ÂIèè Rollins±Ð±ÂÁ¿¤F¡A¸Û¹ê¬O¤@©wªº¡AÁÙ¦³¨ä¥L¨º¤@±©O¡I§Úı±o´N¬O½¦¨¥¿¥i¯à¬O¤ñ¸û¦n¤@ÂI¡A§Ú§â³oÓ¤Hªº¡A¥]¬A¾ÇªÌªºintegrity¦b¨º¸Ì¡A½¦¨¸Û¥¿¡A§Æ±æ¯à°÷ªí¹F¥X¡A¬ã¨sªÌ¤Hªºintegrity¥]§t¨âÓ±¡A¤@±¬O¹ï¦Û¤v¡A¤£´Û¡A¦Û¤v¬Û«Hªº¸Ü¤~»¡¡A§Aªº³oÓ¬ã¨sµ²ªG¡A§Anªí¹F¥X¨Óªºµ²ªG¡A¤£¬O³z¹L¥¿·íªºµ{§Ç¨ú±oªº¡A³oÓ¦Û¤vª¾¹D¡A¦]¬°«Ü¦h¬ã¨s¬O¦b¨p¤Hªº³õ°ì¡A©Î¬O¦b¤@Ó§O¤H¤£ª¾¹Dªº³õ°ì±¡ªp¤§¤U¶i¦æªº¡A§O¤H§¹¥þª¾¹D¤£®e©ö¡A©Ò¥Hn¤£´Û¡An¸Û¡F¥t¥~²Ä¤GÂI´N¬O»¡©O¡Aintegrityªº·§©À¤£§¹¥þ¬O¨p¤HªºÆ[©À¡A¥LÁÙ¦³¤@Ó¹ïªÀ·|¡B¹ïªÀ¸sªº¤@Ó³d¥ôªºÆ[©À¡A¦]¬°¬°¤F«O«ù¾Ç³N¤u§@ªº¦X²z©Ê¡A¬°¤F«O«ù¾Ç³N¤u§@ªº¤@ºØ«H¿àªºµ{«×¡A¦³¤@¨Ç«ÈÆ[ªº³W«hn¿í¦u¡A«ÈÆ[ªº¨Æ±¡n°µ¡A³o¨Ç³W«h¬O¤°»ò¡A³o¨Çn¨D¬O¤°»ò©O¡H¤£¦Pªº®É¥N¡A¤£¦Pªº»â°ì¡A¤£¦PªºªÀ·|¡A¤£¦Pªº¾Ç¬ì¡A¥i¯à¦³¤£¦Pªºn¨D¡A¤£¹L¦³¨Ç«ÈÆ[ªºªF¦è¡A©Ò¥H©O¡A³oÓn¥¿¡C«H§Ú´Nı±o¤£¤j¹ï¡A¦]¬°«H¥Dn¬O¤H¸ò¤H¤§¶¡ªºªF¦è¡A¨º¥¿ªº¸Ü´N¬O»¡¡A°µ¨Æªº¤èªk¡A°µ¨ÆªºªF¦è¡A©Ò¥H³oÓintegrity©O¡A°µ¬°¤Hªºintegrity¡A°ò¥»¤W§Úı±o§Ú¬O§â¥L½¸Û¡A¨Ó»¡©ú¥Lªº¨â±¡A¥Lªº¤@Ó´N¬O»¡¡A³oÓ¤Hªº¤@±¡A¤@Ó¬OªÀ·|ªº¤@±¡A§Ú³o¨ÇÃö©óintegrityªº¸ÑĶ¡A¦b«Ü¥^¦£ªº±¡ªp¤§¤U¡A¬d¤F³o¨Ç°ò¥»ªº¤åÄm¡A´£¥X¨Ó¡A¨Ã¤£¬O§ÚÓ¤H´N¥X¨Ó¡A¤£¹L§Úºî¦X¤F¤@¤U¡A¦]¬°¦b°µ²`¤J°Q½×ªº®ÉÔ¡A·íµM³£·|²`¤J°Q½×¤@¡B¨â±¡A·íµMintegrityÁÙ¦³«Ü¦h¨ä¥L¤è±¡A§Ú¬O®Ú¾Ú§Ṳ́µ¤Ñ©ÒnÁ¿ªº¾Ç³NÛ²z¡A¨Ó½Í³oÓ°ÝÃD¡C µM«á¡A¦A¨ÓÁ¿¤@¤UÃö©ó³oӾdzN¸Û¥¿ªº¤jÅ餺®e¡A§Úè¦nµo²{¦³¤@¥»®Ñ¡C¡e¦³Ó¡fOklahoma [Kingfisher College] ¤j¾Ç±Ð±ÂLinda¡@Zagzebski¡A¥L¼g¤F¤@¥»®Ñ¡A´N½Í¤@ӾdzN¸Û¥¿ªº°ÝÃD¡A§Ú©ñ¦b§Úªº³oÓ¤jºõ¸Ì±¡A³o¥»®Ñ¥s°µVirtures of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature Virture in the Ethical Foundation of the Knowledge ¡]Cambrige: Cambrige University Press, 1996 ¡^¡C³o¦ì±Ð±Â§Úª`·N¨ì¥L³oÓ1996¦~¼C¾ô¤j¾Ç¥Xª©ªº®Ñ¡A«á¨Ó«e¦~«e¤S½s¤F¤@¥»®Ñ¡A¤]Ãö©ó³oӾdzN¸Û¥¿¡C¾ãÓ¨Ó»¡¬O¤@Óª¾©Ê¤u§@ªºÛ²zªº°ÝÃD¡A±Mªù°Q½×³oÓì«h©Êªº«Ü¤Ö¡A·íµM³ointegrity¡A¦ý¾ãӽ͡A³æ¿W§â³oӾdzNÁÙ¬Oª¾©ÊÛ²z¤ÀÂ÷¥X¨Ó¡A°µ²`¤Jì«h©Ê¬Æ¦Üõ¾Ç©Ê°Q½×ªº«D±`¤Ö¡A¥L¬O¤@Ó¯S§Oªº¤H¡A©Ò¥H§Ú§â³oÓ®ø®§©ñ¦b³o¸Ì¡A¦³¿³½ìªº¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò¡C·íµM¥L¼gªº¤ñ¸û¯S§O³oÓ²Ó¤@ÂI¡A¦b³o¥»®Ñ¸Ì±¡AÁ|¨Ò¨ÓÁ¿¡A¨ì©³¾Ç³N¸Û¥¿¡A¨º¨Ç¤º®e¡A¨º¨Ç¼w¥Ø¨º¨Çvirtures¡A¥i¥Hºâ¬O¾Ç³N¸Û¥¿¤º®e¡A§Ú©Àµ¹¦U¦ìÅ¥¤@¤U¡A³o´N¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¾Ç³NÛ²zªº¯S©Ê¡A¥L¤£¥u¬OÓt±¡A¤£¬O¤@Ó®ø·¥ªºªF¦è¡A¤£¬On¨¾¤j®a§@¹ú¡A¦Ó¬O»¡§A¦³³o¨Çvirturesªº¸Ü¡A¥i¥HÀ°§U§A¥¿±ªº¥h¹F¦¨¾Ç³N¤u§@¡A¬ã¨s¤u§@ªº¤@Ó¿n·¥ªº¦¨ªG¡A´N¬Oµo²{·sªF¦è¡Aª¾¹D§Ṳ́£ª¾¹DªºªF¦è¦³¯q©ó³oÓªÀ·|¡A¥L¬O¦³³o¼Ëªº¥Øªº¦b¨ºÓ¦a¤è¡A©Ò¥H¤£§¹¥þ¬Ot±©Êªº¡C²Ä¤@Ó¸Û¹ê¡A³o¬O¤@©wªº¡C¸Û¹êhonesty¡C²Ä¤GÓ©O¡A«i®ð¡K¡K¡A«i®ð«Ü«n¡A¦]¬°§O¤H³£¤£¬O³o¼Ë¬Ýªk¡A¨º§A¦pªG¬O³o¼Ë¬Ýªº¸Ü©O¡A§A«ç»ò¼Ë¡H§A¤£¯à°÷©}±q©ó§O¤Hªº·N¨£¡A¸ò¤H®a·N¨£¤£¦Pªº®ÉÔ¡A¦³®ÉÔ»ÝnÅG½×«i®ð¡Cn¤½¥¡A¦]¬°¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¬OÓªÀ¸sªº¤u§@¡A¨S¦³³æ¿Wªº¤H¡A¯à°÷¦Û¥ß¡A°µ¥X¤@ӫܬð¯}©Êªºµo²{¡A¦h¤Ö³£¬O¦³¯q©ó§O¤H¡A³£¨ü¯q©ó§O¤H¡C©Ò¥H§An¤½¥¡A§O¤H°^Äm§AnÁ¿¡A³o¼Ë¤~¯à¦³®Ä·¾³q¡AÅý¤j®a¤~¯à¦bª¾ÃÑ¡BªÀ¸sªº¤¬°Ê·í¤¤¡A¨ú±o¶i¨B¡Afairness¡CSensitivity¡Cn±Ó·P¡A³oÓ¹ï¤H¤åªÀ·|¬ã¨s¬O¯S§O¦p¦¹¡A§An¬O¨S¦³¤F¸Ñ¥L¾ãÓªº¯à¤O¡A¨º¤H¤åªÀ·|§A´N®Ú¥»¤£¤Ó¥i¯à¡C·íµM¡A¬ã¨s©øÂΧr¡A¬ã¨sª«²z¨Æ·~´N¤ñ¸û¤£¬O¨ºÓ«n¡CPerceptiveness¡AnÁ¾µê¡A¦]¬°§A¤£Á¾µêªº¸Ü¡A¦Û¥H¬°¬Oªº¸Ü¡AÅܦ¨¤@ӱбø¥D¸qªÌ¡A¨ºª¾ÃѤ£¥i¯à¤u§@¡A¤£¥i¯à®i¶}¡C¤j®a¬Ý¨ì¡A¦³¤@Óª¾Ãѩҿתº¾Ç³N¸Û¥¿¡B¾Ç³NÛ²zªº¼w¦æ¦³¤@Ó¯S¦â¡A©¼¦¹¸g±`¬O½Ä¬ðªº¡A¤ñ¦p»¡«i®ð©MÁ¾¨õ¬O½Ä¬ðªº¡A©Ò¥H³on¹F¦¨¤@Ó¥¿Å¡A¤@Ó¤¤±e¤§¹D¡A§A¤£¯à¤Ó¨S¦³«i®ð¡A¥i¤]¤£¯à¤Ó¦³«i®ð¡A¦º³£¤£ºÞ§O¤H¡F§AnÁ¾µê¡A´N¸ò¤û¹yÁ¿¬ã¨s¤u§@¡B¾Ç³N¨Æ·~¡A¦n¹³¤@Ó¤p«Ä¤l¡A¦b®üÃä¾ß¥ÛÀY¡B¾ß¨©´ß¤@¼Ë¡A´N¬O¦b±Ôz¤@Ó«D±`´ù¤pªº¨Æ±¡¡A¬O¤@ӾdzNªÀ¸sªº¨Æ±¡¡Cn¦³@¤O¡An¦³«í¤ß¡A¬OÓ©t±Iªº¨Æ±¡¡A¾Ä°«ªº¨Æ±¡¡Acommunicative¡An¯à°÷¸ò¤H®a·¾³q¡A¦Û¤v¬O«Ü¦³ªºªF¦è¡A¤£ºÞ¦A«ç»ò¼F®`¡A«ç»ò¼Ë¥R¤À¥h¤F¸Ñ§O¤Hªº¦¨ªG¡A§Q¥Î§O¤Hªº¦¨ªG¡A¦b¸ò§O¤H·¾³q·í¤¤©O¡A¦Û§Ú§å§P¡A¨ú±o¶i¨Bµ¥µ¥¤§Ãþªº¡C ¨ä¹ê³o¯u¥¿nÁ¿¾Ç³NÛ²zªº¸Ü¡A§ÚÌ¥ý¤£±qt±¨Ó¬Ý¡A¾Ç³NÛ²z¡B¾Ç³N¼w©Ê¡A«Ü¦h¥¿±ªºªF¦è¡A¬OÅý§ÚÌ¿n·¥¨D¨ú¶i¨BªºªF¦è¡C©Ò¥H©O¡A¥H¤W©O¡A´N¬O§Ú¥Î«D±`§Ö³tªº¤@Ó¬d¹ïªº¤u§@¡A¹ï©ó¨ì©³¾Ç³NÛ²z¡B¾Ç³N³W½dªº«ä·Q¡A³o¤@®M¦è¤èªº«ä·Q°ò¦¬O¤°»ò¡A§Ú´£¥X»¡©ú¡C¨ä¹ê¦b¦è¤è¡A¬°ªº¬O¤@ӫܯS®íªº¤@Ó¼w¥Ø¡C ¶Ç²Î¤W©O¡A¤@¯ëª½Ä±¤W±`ÃѤW³£¬O¸ò¸Û¹ê¬Û³s¦b¤@°_¡A¦pªG¯uªº¡A§Ṵ́µ¤@Ó©v±Ðªº¸Û«H¡B¸Û¹êÆ[©À¡A¬O´¶¹M´²§G¦b¾ãӤ夯·í¤¤ªº¡A¥iÄY®æÀˬdªº¸Ü¡A¨ä¹êµo²{¤£ºÞ¬OintegrityªºÆ[©À¡A©ÎªÌ¬O¾Ç³N¸Û¥¿ªºÆ[©À¡A¥L¦³«D±`¿W¯Sªº¯S©Ê¡A¥L¥i¥H¸òÃÀ³Nªºintegrity¹ï·Ó¨Ó¬Ý¡C¦Ó¤£¬Û¦Pªº¡A¥L¸òÓ¤Hªº¤@Ó¤H®æªºintegrity¡A¤S¦³¤£¦P¡C¤H®æªºintegrity¬O¤£¯A¤Î¯S®í¬¡°Ê¡A¯S®í©Ê½èªº¬¡°Ê¡A¤ñ¦p»¡¾Ç³N¬¡°Ê¡A¤HÁÙ¬O¦³integrityªº°ÝÃD¡C ¥H¤W©O¡A´N¬O§Ú³]ªkµy·LɳoÓ¾÷·|¡A¨ì©³§Ú̳oÓ²{¥Nªº¡A·½©ó¦è¤èªº¾Ç³N³W½dªº¨ºÓ»ùȰò¦¬O¤°»ò¡C³o¬O§Úªº²Ä¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡C ¨º¬JµM¾Ç³N³W½d¸ò§ÚèèÁ¿ªº¡A¬JµM¾Ç³Nªº¸Û¥¿¡B¾Ç³NÛ²z¡A¸òª¾ÃÑÆ[¦³Ãö¡A¤ñ¦p»¡¨D¯u§rµ¥µ¥¤§Ãþ¡A³oÓ¸ò¹ï¾Ç³N¤u§@ªº¬Ý·Q¦³Ãö¡C¦]¬°integrity¡A¾Ç³NÆ[©À¤£§¹¥þ¬O¸ò¤Hªº°ÝÃD¡AÁÙ¬O¸òª«ªº°ÝÃD¡A¸ò¨Æª«ªº°ÝÃD¡A§Ṳ́µ¤ÑÁ¿ªº¾Ç³N³W½d¡A¨ä¹ê¬O«ü±q²{¦b¦è¤èµo®i¥X¨Óªº¾Ç³N¤u§@¡C¾¨ºÞ¥L¦³«Üªøªº²W·½¡A¨º¦ÛµM´N¦³¤å¤Æ®t²§ªº°ÝÃD¡C¤ñ¦p»¡ªF¨È¡A©Î¬OµØ¤H¡A¤¤°ê¶Ç²Îªº¾Ç³N¤u§@¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¸ò¦è¤è¾Ç³N¤u§@¦³¬Û·í¤jªº¶ZÂ÷¡A³o¸Ì¦ÛµM´N¦³¤å¤Æ®t²§ªº°ÝÃD¡Aèè½Í¨ì«Ü¦h³oӤ夯®t²§ªº²{¶H¡A³oӤ夯®t²§ªº²{¶H¦³ªº¬O¸ò¾Ç³N¶Ç²ÎµLÃöªºªF¦è¡A¨º§Ú´N¤µ¤Ñ¥ý¤£½Í³oÓ°ÝÃD¡A¤£¹L³oÓªº½T¬O¤Þ°_¦è¤èª`·Nªº°ÝÃD¡A§Ú¦b´¶¨½´µ¹y¤j¾Çªº«ü¤Þ¤¤¡A¯S§O¬Ý¨ì¥LÌ«ü¥X¤å¤Æ®t²§ªº²{¶H¡C¤ñ¤è»¡ªF¨Èªº¾Ç¥Í¡A²ßºDcopyªF¦è¡A¤£Ä±±o¬O¿ùªº¡F¤£¹L¥L¤]«ü¥X¨Ó¡A¤µ¤Ñ¦b¦è¤èªº¤å¤Æ¶Ç²Î·í¤¤¡Aªk°ê¤H¤ñ¸û¤£Á׿ÐI»w¡A§âI»wªºªF¦è¾ãÅé§e²{¥X¨Ó¡C¥L¯S§O´£ªk°ê¥i¯à¬°¤F¥¿Å¡AÁ×§K¦b¾Ç³N³W½d«ü¤Þ¤¤¡A³y¦¨³oºØ¹ïªF¨Èªºª[µø·N¨ý¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡AªF¨È¾Ç¥ÍÄvª§¤O«Ü±jªº¡A¥Lªº¼Æ²z¯à¤O§rµ¥µ¥¡A¬O«Ü±jªº¡A¥i¬O¶i¤J¤j¾Ç«á¡Aªº½T¦³³\¦h°ÝÃD¡C §Ú¤µ¤Ñ¤£½Í¤ñ¸û¡A°ò¥»¤W¤£½Í¤@ӫܰò¥»¤å¤Æªº°ÝÃD¡A§ÚÁ¿¤@ӾdzN¶Ç²Îªº°ÝÃD¡A´N¬O»¡¤¤°ê¾Ç³N¶Ç²Î¦³¤@Ó¯S©Ê¡A§Ú§â¥LºÙ¬°¤@Ó½sÄ¡ªº¯S©Ê¡C¨ä¹ê¾Ç³N¤u§@¨Ã¤£¬O§¹¥þ¨º»ò¤@Ó¤H¤H³£¬O¤p¤W«Ò¤@¼Ë³Ð§@¡C¨º»ò¡A¦è¤è¬°¤°»ò·|¯S§OÁ¿´Nì³Ð©Ê¡AÓ¤Hªº³Ð³y©Ê¡A¤£n¸ò§O¤H¤@¼Ë¡Aintellectual ownshipªº°ÝÃD¡A¦n¹³ª¾ÃѬO¦³©ÒÄݪº¡A§Aªº¡B§Úªº¡B¥Lªº¡A§A¬O¸U¤À¤§¤@¡A§Ú¸U¤À¤§¤T¡A¤j®a¸I¨ì³o¸U¤À¤§¤@ªº®ÉÔ¡A´N¤£¯à½Í§O¤H¡An§âcommon knowledge©Muncommon kowledge¡e¤H»P§Ú¡f¤À¶}¨Ó¡A³o±q³Ì²`¨èªºµ{«×¨ÓÁ¿¡A¥i¥H»¡¬O¸ò¤@ӧΦ¡¤WªºÓ¤H¥D¸q¦³Ãö¡A§Ṳ́£nÁ¿¡K¡K¨CÓ¤H³£¬O¤@Ó¤p¤W«Ò¤@¼Ë¡A¤Hªºimage´N¬O¤W«Òªºimage¡A´N¬Oӳгyª«¤@¼Ë¡A§Ṳ́£n½Í¨ì¨º»ò²`ªº¼h¦¸¡A¥ú¥úÁ¿¨ãÅ骺¾Ç³N¶Ç²Î¡A¤¤°êªº¾Ç³N¶Ç²Î´N¦³¤@Ó½sÄ¡ªº¯S©Ê¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡©O¡A¾Ç³N¤u§@«Ü¤jªº¦¨¥÷¡A¬O§â¬J¦³ªº¸ê®Æ¡A§â¥L«·s¦w±Æ¡A¾Ç³Nªº¦nÃa±`±`¬O¦w±Æªº²´¥ú¡B½sÄ¡ªº²´¥ú¡CÁ|¨Ò¨ÓÁ¿¡A§Ú©À¾ú¥vªº¡A§ù¦öªº¡m³q¨å¡n¬O¤¤°êªº¾ú¥v¶Ç²Î¤¤¤@Ó¸g¨åªºµÛ§@¡A¡m³q¨å¡n³£¬O§ÛªºªF¦è§r¡A¥i¬O¥L¬°¤°»ò¬O¸g¨å©O¡A¦Ó¬O¥L¦³¨ºÓ²´¥ú¡A¥L°µ¥X«ç»ò¼Ëªº¥Ø¿ý¡A«ç»ò¼Ëªºµ²ºc¡A®³¥X«ç»ò¼Ëªº°ÝÃD¡A«ç»ò¼Ëªº¦w±Æ¡A¤£ºÞ´N²{¦b¸ò¹L¥hªºÆ[·P¨Ó¬Ý¡A³£¤£¯à»¡¬O¡A¨S¦³¸Û¥¿ªº°ÝÃD¡C¦]¬°§ÚèèÁ¿¹L¡A¾Ç³N¸Û¥¿¸ò¾Ç³N¤u§@ªº©Ê½è¦³Ãö¡A¦pªG¦b¤£¦P¶Ç²Î·í¤¤¡A¾Ç³N¤u§@»{ÃѤ£¦Pªº¸Ü¡A¨º¦ÛµM´N¨S¦³integrityªº°ÝÃD¡A¦]¬°¥L¤£¬O¦]¬°¾Ç³N¸Û¥¿¡A¤£¬O¦]¬°¤ÀÂ÷¡A¤£¬O¸ò¾Ç³N¤u§@§¹¥þÂ÷¶}ªºªF¦è¡A©Ò¥H°µ¥X¨Ó¦³¤@Ó½sÄ¡ªº¯S©Ê¡C¤£¦ý¸ê®Æ¤åÄm¬O½sÄ¡ªº¡A³s±Ôz³£¬O½sÄ¡ªº¡C±Ôz¤°»òªF¦è±`±`³£¤£°Ê¡A©Î¬O°Ê¤@¨Ç¤p¤pªºªF¦è¡A¬Æ¦Ü»{¬°¤£°Ê¤ñ¸û¦n¡A¦]¬°°Êªº¸Ü¥¢¯u¡C¥¢¯u¢w¢w¬Æ¦Ü¦³³o¼Ëªº·Qªk¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¦³¤@Ó¤ñ¸û±j¦Óz¦Ó¤£§@ªº¶Ç²Î¡C¤£¹L¸Ü¤S»¡¦^¨Ó¤F¡A³oÓ½sÄ¡ªº¯S©Ê©O¡A§Y¨Ï¦b¤¤°ê¾Ç³N¶Ç²Î¤¤¡A³£¤£¨£±o¬O¤@©w»{¬°¬O¦nªºªF¦è¡A¤]¦³¤H»{¬°¬O¤£¦nªºªF¦è¡A¬O³Ì§C¼h¦¸ªºªF¦è¡A¦³¦Wªº©O´N¬O³¹¾Ç¸Ûªº»¡ªk¡C³¹¾Ç¸Û»¡¾ú¥v¾Çªº¬ã¨s·í¤¤¡A¹ê»Ú¾Ç³N¤¤¦³¤TºØ¾Ç³N¡A¤@Ó¥s¥vÄ¡¡A½sÄ¡©Ê¥v¾Ç¡F¤@Ó¥s¥v¦Ò¡A¦Òµý©Ê¥v¾Ç¡F²Ä¤TÓ¥s¥v¾Ç¡C¨º³Ì§C¼h¦¸´N¬O¥vÄ¡¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¨Ó¡A¦³¨Ç¤H®Ú¥»»{¬°½sÄ¡©Ê¬O¤£¦nªº¡B¬OÃaªº¡B¬O§C¼h¦¸ªº¡AÀ³¸Ó¸õ²æ¥X¨ÓªºªF¦è¡A¥v¾Ç³Ì°ª¡A°ª©ó¥v¦Òµ¥µ¥¤§Ãþªº¡C ¤µ¤Ñ§Ú̬ݳoӾdzN½sÄ¡¡B¾Ç³NÛ²zªº°ÝÃD¡A¦b¦Ò¼{¨ì¤¤°ê¾Ç³N¶Ç²Îªº©Ê½èªº°ÝÃD¡A¨º³oÓ®ÉÔ¤£¯à¤£¦Ò¼{¨ì¦Û§Ú§åµû¡B¦Û§Ú¤Ï¬Ùªº°ÝÃD¡A¨ì©³¥H½sÄ¡¬°¥Dªº¾Ç³N§@·¡A¹ï¾Ç³Nªº¶i¨B¡A¹ï¨D¯u¨ÓÁ¿¡A¨ì©³»ùȦh°ª¡H¬O¤£¬O»Ýn¸õ²æ¥X¨Ó¡A¬O¤£¬OnºÉ¶q¸õ²æ¥X¨Ó¡H³o¤£¥u¬O¤@Ó¹D¼w°ÝÃD¡A¯A¤Î¨ì¤@ӾdzN¤u§@©Ê½è°ÝÃD¡C¬°¤°»ò·|¯A¤Î¨ì¤@ӾdzN¤u§@©Ê½èªº°ÝÃD©O¡H´N¬O¦]¬°¾Ç³NÛ²z©M¾Ç³N¤u§@¨Æ¹ê¤W¬O¤À¤£¶}ªº¡C¦n¡C ¦A¨Ó¡A´N¬O¤@Ó½sÄ¡¤ßºA¸òÓ¤H½×zªº¤@Ó¹ï¥ßªº°ÝÃD¡C¦è¤èªº¾Ç³N¶Ç²Î¡A¤j®aèè¥i¥H±qProfessor Rollins½Í°_¨Ó¡A¦U¦ì¦³Ó³Ì²`¨èªº°²©w¡G¾Ç³N¤u§@¨Æ¹ê¤W¬O¤@ÓÓ¤H½×z¡A¬OÓÓ¤H¬°¤Hªº½×z¡A¨º³oÓ¤£¦ý¸ò¤¤°ê¶Ç²Î¤£¦P¡A¸ò¨ü¨ì¤¤°ê¼vÅTªº·Qªk¤W³£¤£¤Ó¬Û¦P¡A³o¨âÃä¨ÓÁ¿©O¦³§Q¦³¹ú¡C¹úªºªF¦è·íµM¬O«D±`¦³¡A¦]¬°§A½sÄ¡¥X¨ÓªºªF¦è¡A¨S¦³integrity¡A¨S¦³¤@Ó¾ãÅé©Ê¡A®Ú¥»¨S¦³¿ìªk§Î¦¨¥@¬É³~®|¡A°£«D¬O¥\¤O«Ü°ªªº¤H¡A´«»¡§Ú̪º¬ã¨s¡A¥»¨Ó¬On¤F¸Ñ¥@¬Éªº¡A¦pªG»¡§A§â¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¡A³z¹L½sÄ¡¤u§@¡AÅܦ¨¤@Ó«÷´ê©Êªº³Ò§@¡A¥H§Ú̲{¦b¯à°÷¤F¸Ñªº¾Ç³N¥\¤O¨ÓÁ¿¡A»ùȬO¬Û·í§Cªº¡C³Ò§@¤u§@À³¸Ó¤£¬O¡A¤@Ó«Ü«÷´ê©Êªº³Ò§@À³¸Ó¤£¬O¤@ӫܰª¼h¦¸ªº¤u§@¡A¦pªG§Ú̦¨¬°¤@Óªþ¥[»ùȨÓÁ¿¡Aªþ¥[»ùȬO«Ü§Cªº¡A¬O«Ü§Cªº¡C©Ò¥H³oÓ±¡ªp¤§¤U©O¡A§Ṳ́£¯à¤£¹ï½sÄ¡¤u§@¤ßºA¦³©Ò¤Ï¬Ù¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A§Úı±o³oÓ°ÝÃD¡A§Ú¤]¦P·N´N¬O»¡¡A¤£§¹¥þ¬O¾Ç³N¡A¤£¬O¹D¼wªº°ÝÃD¡A¥i¬O§ÚÌ¥²¶·´N¤H¤å¾Ç¬ì¨ÓÁ¿¡A¹ï½sÄ¡¤u§@¦³©Ò¤Ï¬Ù¡C¥H°Å¶K¬°¥Dªº¡A¤£¦ý°Å¶K¬°¥Dªº¡A¬Æ¦Ü³s±Ôz³£¬O°Å¶KªºªF¦è¡AªF§Û¤@¥y¡A¦è§Û¤@¥y¡A³oÓªF¦è¨ì©³»ùȦp¦ó¡A¨ì©³¯à¤£¯à¤Ï¬M¾Ç³N¤ñ¸û°ªªº·N¸q¡H³oÓ¬On¤Ï¬Ùªº¡C¦pªG§Ṳ́Ϭ٥H«á¡A¦ÛµM§Ṳ́ñ¸û¯à°÷ÄÀµM¡A¹ï©ó§Ṳ́µ¤Ñ³y¦¨ªº§Ú̳oӶDzΤߺA¡A¥»¤g¤ßºA¡A¸ò¦è¤è¶Ç¨Óªº¾Ç³N½Ä¬ð¡A¥i¯à´N¤ñ¸û¯à°÷ÄÀµM¡C ¥i¬O¥t¤@¤è±¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü©O¡AÓ¤H¥D¸q¡A¦è¤è¬°¥DªºÓ¤H¥D¸q¡A¸òª¾ÃѬ°¤½¾¹ªºÆ[©À¡A¤]¬O¦³°ÝÃD¡C¨ì©³¦è¤è¶Ç²Î©Ò¿×ªº¤ñ¸ûÄY®æªº¤@ºØ¡A©Ò¿×interlectual ownership¡A¤@ºØª¾ÃѩΫä·Qªº©Ò¦³ÅvªºÆ[©À¡A¨ì©³¤@Ó·¥ºÝªºª¾ÃѪºÓ¤H©Ò¦³ÅvªºÆ[©À¡A¬Æ¦Üidea¡AÆ[©ÀÓ¤Hªº©Ò¦³ÅvÆ[©À¡A¨ì©³¬O¤£¬O¦X²zªº³oÓ°ÝÃD¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¨ÓÁ¿¡A³Ð³y©Êªº¡B«e¨¥©Êªº¡A¦bÃäæªº¬ã¨s¤u§@¡Aªº½T¬O¦³«Ü¦hÓ¤H±M§Q¡C¥i¬O«Ü¦hªºªF¦è¡A¨ä¹ê¤£¬OC¡I¤Ñ¤U¤å³¹¤@¤j§Û¡A©TµM¬O¤Ó¹Lªº»¡ªk¡A¥i¬O«Ü¦hªF¦è©Z¥Õ»¡¡Aªº½T¬O¦³«Ü¦h¦Ç¦â¦a±a¦s¦b¡C¬°¤°»ò¤µ¤Ñ¡A¬°¤°»ò³oÓinterlectual ownershipªºªF¦è¡]01:35:59¡^·|¨º»ò«µø¡A§ÚÓ¤H»{¬°°£¤F¦è¤è¶Ç²Îªº¤@Ó¦³¤å¤Æ»ùȶɦVªºÓ¤H¥D¸q¥H¥~¡AÁÙ¸ò«Ü¦h²{¥NªÀ·|ªºÆ[©À¦³Ãö¡CÄ´¦p»¡¡A±M§QÅv¤u§@ªº¿³°_¡A±M§QÅv¤u§@ªº¿³°_¨Æ¹ê¤W¬O¬°¤FnÅý§Þ³N¶i¨B°_¨£¡A¯à°÷¹ªÀy¦³³Ð³y©Êªº¤H¡A¯à°÷±qÓ¤Hªº³Ð³y©Ê·í¤¤¡A±o¨ìª«½èªºª÷¿ú§Q¯q¡A±q¦Ó³y¦¨§Þ³Nªº¶i¨B¡A³o¬O¦b^°ê¸òªk°ê¡A¤u·~²©Rªì´Áªº®ÉÔ¡A¬°¤F¹ªÀy³o¶i¨B¡C¥i¬O³o¨ÇªF¦è¤S¸ò¦A¨Ó±q±M§Q²£¥Í¥X¨Ó©Ò¿×ªºinterlectual property rights¡]´¼¼z°]²£Åv¡^¡]01:36:41¡^¡A³oÓ´¼¼z°]²£Åvªº°ÝÃD¡A³o¤S¸ò°Ó·~§Q¯q±¾¹_¡C¤µ¤Ñ¦è¤èªº¥ßªk¸Ì±¡A¥ßªkªº¾÷ºc¸Ì±¡A¤£Â_ªºn©µªø³oÓ´¼¼z¡B³oÓ°]²£Åv¡A³o¥Dn¸ò«Ü¦h¤j°Ó·~§Q¯q¦³Ãö¡A§Aµe¥X¤@Ó¥d³q¤Hª«¡A¨ä¹ê¨S¦³¤°»ò¤F¤£°_ªºªF¦è¡A¸ò§A¼¶¤åªº¨º¨Ç¸Ö¤w¸g«Ü°÷¤F¡A¥i¥H¦]¬°¥L¦³¤@Ó¯S®í°Ó·~§Q¯q¤§¶¡¡A¥L¶V©µªø¡A¶V®e©öº¡¨¬¡A³y¦¨¤µ¤Ñ«Ü¦h«Ü©_©Çªº²{¶H¡A¤@Ó¤]¤£¬O§A³Ð³y¥X¨Óªº¡A´N¬O¦]¬°¤@¨Ç°¸µMªº¦]¯À¡A§A¾Ö¦³³o¤@±i¹Ï¤ù¡A³oӹϤùªºÅv§Q©O¡A§A¥i¥H«O¦³¡A¤£¬On¥Î³o¤@±i¡A³£¦³«Ü¤jªº°ÝÃD¡A¨ä¹ê³oºØÆ[©À¦b¦è¤è¤£¨£±o¬O¨S¦³§å§PÁnµªº¡C©Ò¥H¡A§Úı±o½sÄ¡¤ßºA¡BÓ¤H¥D¸q¸òª¾ÃѤ½¾¹¡A³o¨âÓ³£¬O«Ü·¥ºÝªº¡A¤]¤£¯àÁͩ󷥺ݡAn«ç»ò¼Ë¥h¨D¨ú¥¿Å¡A¤]¬O¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡C¨ä¹ê¦b¬ì¾Ç®a·í¤¤©O¡A¤]¦³¤Ï¬ÙªºÁnµ¡A§ÚÓ¤H¦]¬°¤u§@ªºÃö«Y¡A¸ò¤¤¬ã°|§õ»·õ°|ªø«Ü¼ô¡A§Ú´Nª¾¹D¥L¹ï³oÓ±M·~ªºÆ[©À«Ü¤£¥H¬°µM¡A±j¯Pªº±M·~Æ[©À¡C¥L«Ü²ßºDÁ|©~¨½¤Ò¤H¬°¨Ò¡A©~¨½¤Ò¤Hµ´¤£¥Ó½Ð±M§Q¡C¥L¤£¬O¤Ï¹ï±M§Q¡A¦Ó¬O»{¬°»¡¡A¦pªG§Aªº¥Øªº¡A¤£¬On¦A³z¹L§Þ³N³Ð·s¨ú±o§Q¯qªº¸Ü¡A§A¯uªº¬On¨D¯uªº¸Ü¡A³Ì¯à°÷¨ú±oª¾ÃѶi¨Bªº¤è¦¡¡A´N¬OÅý¨ºÓ³Ìªñªº¦¨ªG»°§Ö¶Ç¥¬¥X¥h¡AÅý¨ä¥L¦³³Ð§@¤Oªº¤H¥i¥H§Q¥Î¡A¨Ó¨ú±oª¾ÃѶi¨B¡C´N¦n¹³¨Ó«÷´ê¤@ÓÀ»¾ôªO¤@¼Ë¡A¦³¶V¦h¤H°Ñ¥[¤@°_¡A´N¶i¨B¶V§Ö¡C§A¦pªGinformationn¤£¶Ç¥¬¡A©Î¬O¶Ç¥¬¦³§O¤H¤£¯à¥Îªº¸Ü¡A§A¶i¨B¶VºC¡A¦]¬°§Aªºªþ¥[»ùȤ£¯à³Q§Q¥Î¡C ¥H¤W´N¬O§Ú´£¨ìªºÃö©ó³oөҿתº½sÄ¡¤ßºA©Î¬O©Ò¿×ªºª¾ÃѤ½¾¹¡A·íµMª¾ÃѤ½¾¹¬O¤ñ¸û¦nÅ¥ªº»¡ªk¡A³o¬O¤½¾¹°Õ¡C¥Ht±ªº»¡ªk¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A´N¬O¯Ê¥F³Ð³y¤O¡A¤Ñ¤U¤å³¹¤@¤j§Û¡A¬Û¹ï©ó¤ñ¸û·¥ºÝªº¡A§âÓ¤H·í§@¤p¤W«Ò¨Ó¬Ýªº¨ººØ¸Ø±iªº¤@ºØª¾Ãѳгy¤O¤ßºA¡A¨ä¹ê³Ð³y©Ê¤]¨S¦³¨º»ò°ª¡C ¤S±`±`¦b³oÓ®ÉÔ¡A¥t¥~§ÚÁÙn¦A´£½Í¤@ÂI¡AÃö©ó²{¥Nªº¾Ç³NÆ[©À·í¤¤¡AÁÙ¦³¥t¤@±¡A³o¤@ÂI¬O§Ú̪º¤å¤Æ¤¤¤ñ¸û®zªºªF¦è¡A´N¬O¾Ç³N³W½d¡C¾Ç³N³W½d©O¡A´N¦è¤èªº¾Ç³N³W½dÁÙ¦³¥t¥~¤@±¡A´N¤å¤Æ®t²§ªº¤@±¡A¨ä¹ê¦è¤èªº¾Ç³N³W½d¡AÁÙ¦³¤@ÓªÀ·|©Ê¡A´N§ÚèèÁ¿ªº¡A³oÓintegrityªº·§©À¦³¨â¤è±¡A³o¹ï§Ú̪º¡A¹ï¦Û¤vªº¡A¤@Ó¬O¹ï¥L¤Hªº¡A¨Æ±¡n¦p¦ó°µªº°ÝÃD¡C¾Ç³NÛ²zªºªÀ·|©Ê¡A´N¬On»{ÃѨì¡A¾Ç³Nªº¤u§@¡A¬O¦³ªÀ¸s©Êªº¡A©Ò¥H¦b©Ò¿×ªº¾Ç³NªºÛ²z·í¤¤¦³¤@¨ÇÆ[©À¡A¤ñ¦p»¡¤½¥ªºÆ[©À©Mcivility¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A§AnÅé»{¨ì§Aªº¾Ç³N¤u§@¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¤£¬O§A¤@Ó¤H¤u§@¡A¬O¤@ÓªÀ¸s©Êªº¤u§@¡A©Ò¥H©O¡A§A´Nºâ¤£½Í°½§O¤Hªº¦¨ªGªºÆ[©À¡A´Nºâ¬O§AÓ¤Hªº³Ð§@·í¤¤¡A§A¦³¨ü¯q©ó§O¤Hªº¦¨¥÷ªº¸Ü©O¡A§An§âcreditµ¹§O¤H¡Anªí²{¤@Ó§»ª¡A¤j®a¦³¤@Ó³z¹L³o¼Ë¤lªº¤¬°Êªí²{¤@Ó§»ª¥X¨Ó¡C¤¤¤å¤è±¨S¦³³oӶDzΡA«Ü¤Ö¤Þ§O¤HªF¦è¡A«Ü¦h¤H¤]¤£´£¨ü´f¨ü´f©ó§O¤H¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦³ªº¨ü¨ì§O¤H[±Òµo]§¹¥þ¤£´£¡A¦n¹³¦Û¤v½L¥j¥H¨Ó¡B¶}¦a¥H¨Ó¡A´N§Ú¤@Ó¤H¼gªºªF¦è¡C¤£Â_³o¼Ëªº±¡ªp¡C¥t¥~¤@ӬۤϪº¦a¤è¡A´N¬O©Ò¿×¤Hªº¤H±¡À£¤O«Ü¤j¡A¤@¤è±©O¡A¨ü¯q©ó§O¤Hªº¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¥Î§O¤Hªº¤£´£¡A²Ä¤GÓ©O¡A¤]¤£´±¥h§åµû§O¤H¡A¤]¨S¦³®Ñµû¡A¥¿¥¿·í·íªº®Ñµû¤u§@¡A©Î¬O§åµû§O¤H¡A·t¦Û§åµû¡A©Î¬O»¡©O¡A¤]¤£¤½¥ªº§åµû¡A¤£µM´N¬O±Mªù¥h§åµû§Aªº¼Ä¤H¡A¬O¤H¨§ðÀ»ªº§åµû¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A§Ú̯ʥF¤@ºØ¤½¥ªÀ·|¶Ç²Îªº¤¬°Ê¡A³o¤]ªí²{¦b§Ú̪º¹ï©ó¾Ç³N³W½dªº¤£¾AÀ³·í¤¤¡C¦]¬°²{¥N¾Ç³NÛ²z·í¤¤¡A¬°¤°»òn¤Þ§O¤H¡A¨ä¹ê¬O¤@Ó¤½¥ªº°ÝÃD¡A§ÚÌn¦@¦P¥h§â³oÓ¥\³Òn¤À´²¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡AÁ×§K³g¡u¤Ñ¡v¥\¥H¬°¤v§Q¡A³oÓ¡u¤Ñ¡v´N¬O¾Ç³NªÀ¸s¡C¦pªG§A¯à°÷¯u¥¿¥¿µø§O¤H°^Ämªº¸Ü©O¡A¥t¥~¤@Ó¤èªk¡A§A¤]¤ñ¸û¯à°÷Á×§K¤H±¡ªº§xÂZ¡A®i¶}¤@Ó¤ñ¸û¥¿·íªº¡B¦X²zªº¾Ç³NÅG½×¡C³oÓ±¡ªp¤§¤U©O¡A¨D¨úª¾ÃÑ¡B¶}®i¸ò¶i¨B¡A©Ò¥H³oӾdzNªº³W½d©O¡A¥t¥~¦³³o¤@±¡A´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡AªÀ·|©Êªº¤ñ¸û®z¡A¶Ç²Î¾Ç³N¤Wªº½sÄ¡¯S©Ê¡AÁÙ¦³¾Ç³N¬°¤½¾¹¡A¤£§â¾Ç³N·í§@¤@Ó¨º»ò±j½Õ³Ð³y©Ê©O¡A¬Æ¦Ü»¡¤å¤Æ¶Ç²Î¡A³o¨Ç³£¬O¡A³o¨Ç³£¬O§Ú̪º¸ò²{¥N¦è¤è¶Ç¨Óªº¾Ç³NÛ²z¡B¾Ç³N³W½d·í¤¤ªº¤@¨Ç©úÅ㪺¤å¤Æ®t²§¡C§ÚÌn«ç»ò¼Ë½Õ¾ã³o¨Ç¾Ç³NÛ²z¡B¾Ç³N³W½d©O¡H§Úı±o¤@Ó¤ñ¸û¦X²zªº¤è¦¡¡A¬O³z¹L¦Û§Ú¬Ù«ä¡AµM«á¬Ý§ÚÌ¥i¥H°µ¥X¨º¤@¨Ç¤ñ¸û¦X²zªº½Õ¾ã¡A³oӽվ㤣§¹¥þ¬O¤@ÓÛ²z³W«hªº°ÝÃD¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¯A¤Î¨ì¤@Ó¹ê½èªº°ÝÃD¡A´N¬O¡G¾Ç³N¤u§@n«ç»ò°µ¡H¤H¤å¾Ç³N¤u§@n«ç»ò°µ¡H¤¤°ê¤å¾Ç§r¡B¤åÄm¾Ç§r¡B¤å¦r¾Ç§r¡B¾ú¥v¾Ç¡A¨ì©³n«ç»ò¼Ë°µ¤ñ¸û¦X²z¡H¦pªG¡A§Úı±o§ÚÌn°µ¥i¥H¡AÄ´¦p»¡¦è¤è¤H¤£«µø¦Òµý¡A¦pªG§Ú̯uªºÄ±±o¦~ÃЬO¦X²zªº¤u§@¡A¦ý¦~ÃÐ·í¤¤¦³«Ü¦h¤£nµù©ú¤°»ò¨Ó·½¡Aªº½T¬O¥i¥Hªº¡A´N°µ¤U¨Ó¡C¦pªG§Aı±o¦X²z¡A¸g¹L²z©Ê¬Ù«äªº¸Ü¡A§Ú»{¬°³oÓ¤u§@¦X²z¡A¦³¥Lªº¥¿·í©Ê¡A§Y¨Ï¦b¦è¤è¤¤¨S¦³¡A§Ṳ́]¥i¥H°µ¡A¨º§Ú̳oÓÛ²zªº³W«h·íµMn°t¦X³oÓ¤u§@¨Ó¡C¦pªG¤@Ó¦~ÃФu§@¤°»ò³£¬Ofootnoting¡]¥[¤WµùÄÀ¡^¦³¤°»ò·N¸q©O¡HÁ|¨Ò¤l¦Ó¤w¡C¥i¬O¡A²Ä¤GӤ豤£¬O¦~ÃФu§@ªº¸Ü¡A¦X²z©Ê¡A§ÚÌ´N¤£nµo®i¤@Ó¤ñ¸û¯à°÷ªí²{Ó¤Hªº¤º¦b¥Í©R¡A¥H¤Î¥LªºªÀ·|¾ú¥vÀô¹Òªº¶Ç°O¼g§@¡A¤£¬O³oÓ·N«ä¡A¦Ó¬O·s°Ê·~¥i¥H³oÓÂ×´I§Ú̪º¶Ç²Î¡A¥i¬O¦³¤@¨Ç¤Hª¾¹Dªº¹ê¦b¬O¤Ó¤Ö¤F¡A§An¬O¼g¶Ç°Oªº¸Ü¡A§A¥u¯à¥ÎÓµêºc¦¡ªº¼g¦¨¡A¨º¤]¨S¦³¤°»ò¸q·N§r¡A¨º¨ì¤£¦p¨Ó»¡¡A¦~ÃЪº¼gªk¬O§ó¦X²zªº¼gªk¡A§Ú¬O¦b³oÓ°ò¦¤W¨Ó½Í½×¾Ç³NÛ²zªº°ÝÃD¡C §ÚÌn¦b¤°»ò±¡ªp¤§¤Un¦Ò¼{¨ì¾Ç³N³W½dªº¦X²z©Ê¡H³o¬O¤@Ó¨¤«×¡A§Ú¥eªº®É¶¡¤ñ¸û¦h¡A§Ú³Ì«á¦A²³æÁ¿¤@ÂI¾ú¥v¾Çªº³W½d°ÝÃD¡C§Ú²Ä¤@ÓÁ¿¤@Ó§Ú°ò¥»ªº¬Ýªk¡G§Ú¤£Ä±±o¾ú¥v¾Ç¦³¤°»ò«¤jªº¯S®íªº¾Ç³N³W½dªº°ÝÃD¡A¸ò§Oªº¾Ç¬ì¦n¹³«¤jªº¤£¦P¡A§Ú¬Ý¤£¤Ó¥X¨Ó¡C¤£¹L¦³¨âÂI©O¡A¬O¦b¤¤¤åªº¾ú¥v¾Ç³N¤¤¡A¸I¨ì¦³¨âÓ¤ñ¸û¯S®íªº°ÝÃD¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥Hµy·L´£¤@¤U¡G²Ä¤@Ó´N¬Oµý¾Ú³B²zªº°ÝÃD¡A¦]¬°¾ú¥v¾Ç¦b¤H¬°¾Ç³N¤¤©O¡A¬O¸ò¹êÅç¬ì¾Ç¹êµý¬ì¾Ç¤ñ¸û±µªñªº¡A¦]¬°§ÚÌn³B²z«Ü¦hµý¾Ú¡A°ò¥»¤W¡A§Ú̪º¤Þ¤å¡A¤ñ¸û¬O§â¥L¤£¬O·í§@interpretative work¡Ð¸àĶ©Êªº¤u§@¡A¬On§â¥L·í§@¤@Ó¹êµýªºµý¾Ú¨Ó³B²z¡A¤ä«ù§A¹ï¾ú¥v²{¶Hªº»{ÃÑ¡C¦b«Ü¦h§Oªº¾Ç¬ì¡A¤ñ¦p»¡²Îp¡B¸gÀÙ¡B¹êÅç¬ì¾Ç¡A¬Æ¦Ü¤HÃþ¾Ç¡A§A¹ïµý¾Úªº³B²zn«Ü¤p¤ß¡A¤£¯à»´©ö¶Ã°Êµý¾Ú¡A§âµý¾Ú¦±§á¡A§ïÅܵý¾Ú¡C¤ñ¦p»¡¡A§Aªº¹êÅçµ²ªG°½°½§â¸ê®Æ°Ê¤@¤U¡A©Î¬O§â·Ó¤ù§ï¤@§ï¡A¨Ó¡A§A¦pªG°Ê¤F¥H«á¡A´N¬Ocooks data[¸ê®Æ¥[¤u]§âdata¶Ã·d¤@³qªº¸Ü¡A¬O¦³¹D¼w©Êªº°ÝÃD¡C¦b¾ú¥v¾Ç³N·í¤¤¡A¦Ü¤Ö´N¹ê»Ú±¡ªp¨Ó¬Ý¡A¦n¹³§A¤Þ¤å¡B¦±¸Ñ¡AµM«á¤Þªº¤£¦Xì·N¡A©Î¬O¸òì¨Óªº¯ßµ¸¤£¦X¡A¤@¯ë¤£§â¥L·í§@¤@ÓÛ²z°ÝÃD¡A¦Ó§â¥L·í§@¤@Ó§A¯à¤O¤£°÷¡A¥Ç¤F¤@Ó¿ù»~¡Cì¦]¬O«Ü¦h¡A¥]¬A¾ú¥v¬ã¨s¦³¤@Ó¯S¦â¡A¾ú¥v¬O¬ã¨s¹L¥h¾ú¥vªºªF¦è¡A§Ú̪ºµý¾Ú³£¬O¹L¥h¿ò¯d¤U¨Ó¡A°ò¥»¤W¬O¤½¶}©Êªº¡A³o¸ò¤HÃþ¾Ç¤£¤@¼Ë¡A¤HÃþ¾Ç§A¨ì¨º¤@Ó§ø¸¨¥h°µÓ¥Ð³¥¡A¥u¦³§A¦Û¤vª¾¹D¡A¿ýµ±a¸Ì¦³¡B§Aªºµ§°O¸Ì¦³¡A§An¬O°µ°²ªº¸Ü¡A¼vÅT«D±`¤j¡C¥i¬O¾ú¥vªºµý¾Úªº¸Ü©O¡Aì«h¤W¤j®a³£¥i¥H¦^¥h¬Ýªº¡AÀɮתº¸Ü¤]n¬O¤½¶}ªºÀɮסA«ö²z§A¤£À³¸Ó¤Þ¥Î¡A¨S¦³µoªíªº¤é°O¡A©Ò¥H¾ú¥v¾Çªºµý¾Úì«h¤W©Ò¦³¤H³£¥i¥H¦A¥h¬Ýªº¡A©Ò¥H¤ñ¸û¤£·í§@¹D¼w¦æ¬°¡A·í§@¯à¤Oªº°ÝÃD¡C·íµM¦±¸Ñ¤Æ¤]¥i¥H¤Þ°_¬Y¨Ç§åµû¡A¨S¦³¨º»ò±j¯Pªº¹D¼w©Êªº°ÝÃD¦b¨º¸Ì¡A¥i¬O¦³¤@¨Çµý¾Ú¡A¤ñ¦p»¡¹êÅç«Ç¸Ì¥X¨Óªºµý¾Ú¡A©Î¬O§A¤HÃþ¾Ç¥Ð³¥ªºµý¾Ú¡A©Î¬O§A¸g¹L°Ý¨÷½Õ¬dªºµý¾Ú¡A¬O¦b§Aªº¤â¸Ì¡A§O¤H«ÜÃø¨ú±oªº¡A¹êÅ窺µý¾ÚÁÙ¥i¥H½Æ»s¡A¦³ªºµý¾Ú¬O«ÜÃø½Æ»sªº¡C¤ñ¦p»¡¡A§Ú¨ì¨ºÓ§ø¥h³X°Ý¡A¨º¦³¤H³o»ò¤j¤O¦A«·s²V´XÓ¤ë¥h¡A©Ò¥H³oÓªF¦è¬O¦³¯A¤Î¤ñ¸û¤jªº¡A¾ú¥v¾Ç¤ñ¸û¤Ö³o¤@ÂI¡C²Ä¤GÓ¤ñ¸û¯S®íªº¡A´N¬O¾ú¥v±Ôz»PÛ²z¡A¬O¾Ç³NÛ²z°ÝÃD¡A§Úı±o³oÓªº¸Ü¬O¤@Ó¤ñ¸û°ÝÃD¡A¹L¥h¤¤°ê¦]¬°¤ñ¸û±j¤jªº¤¤¤å¥@¬Éªº½sÄ¡¤ßºA¡A§Ṳ́ñ¸û¤£«µø±Ôz¡A¾ú¥v¥v¾Ç±Ôz¤]¤ñ¸û®z¡A§Ú̪º±Ôz±`±`¬O«÷´ê¡C³y¦¨¤°»òµ²ªG©O¡HÅܦ¨§Ų́S¦³±Ôz¡A§Ų́S¦³«·s«Øºc¤@Ó¥@¬É¡A±Ôz«ö²z¬O»¡¡A§A¥ô¦ó¤@Ó¬ã¨s¤@Ó±Ôz¡A³£¦³¥¦ªº¿W¥ß©Ê¡A§ÚÁ¿³oÓ°ÝÃD§Ú¥Î³oÓ§÷®Æ¡A¸ò§Aªº¥Øªº¤£¥i¯à¦Ê¤À¤§¦Ê¤@¼Ëªº¡A©Ò¥H¦pªG§A¨S¦³¸g¹LèèProfessor RollinsÁ¿ªº¤@ÓParaphrasingªº¤u§@ªº¸Ü¡A§â¨ºÓªF¦è°µ«·sªº§ï¼g¡A¥i¬O¤S¤£¥¢ì·N¡A¨Ó«Ø¥ß¨Ó§A©Òn·Qn§e²{ªº¥@¬Éªº¸Ü©O¡A¨º³o¼Ëªº«÷´ê¬O¨S¦³·N¸qªº¡A¦]¬°³y¤£¥X¨º¼Ëªº¥@¬É¥X¨Ó¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡©O¨ÓÁ¿³á¡A½sÄ¡ªº¤ßºAªº¸Ü©O¡A¦pªG§ÚÌÄ@·N¡A§â§Ú̪º¾Ç³NÛ²z¤u§@¡A¦A¬Ý±oÄY¤@ÂI¡A§Ú̾¨¶q¤£©Ó»{¨S¦³¤Þ¸¹ªºª½±µªº¤Þ¤åªº¸Ü¡A¦]¬°§A¤£¥i¯à©Ò¦³ªº¤Þ¤å³£¥Î¤Þ¸¹¡A§An°µ±Ôzªº¸Ü§An¯u¥¿¡A¤£«·s¼gªº¸Ü¡A§A¤@©w§â«Ü¦h¤Þ¸¹¥h±¼¹À¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡©O¡A§Ú̦pªG¯à°÷§â¾Ç³NªºÛ²zªºì«h§Ë±o§óÄY¤@ÂI¡A§â¤Þ¤å¤u§@§Ë±o§óÄY¤@ÂIªº¸Ü¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¦³§U©ó§Ú̾dzN¤u§@ªº¶i¨B¡A±j¢§ÚÌ¥²¶·¬°¤F§Ú̦ۤv¬ã¨s¤u§@ªº¥Øªº¡A«·s®ø¤Æ§÷®Æ¡A¤£ºÞ¬O¥j¤Hªº¤åÄm©ÎªÌ²{¥N¤H¨ä¥LªºµÛ§@¡AÅý§ÚÌ¥²¶·«·s°µ¥X¦Û¤vªº±Ôz¨Ó¡A¥²¶·¬°¤F§Ú̪º¬ã¨sªº¥Øªº¡A«·s«ºc¤@Ó§ÚÌı±o¯u¹ê¦s¦bªº¥@¬É¥X¨Ó¡A³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¬O¦³§U©ó¶i¨B¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¤£°½Ãi¡A±j¢§Ṳ́£n°½Ãi¡C©Ò¥H¡A°£¤F¥¦ªºÛ²z¤Wªº¦n³B¥H¥~¡AÁÙ¦³¯q¡A¦]¬°¦pªG§A¥u¬OªF«÷¦è´ê¡A´N±o¨ì«Ü¤jªº§Q¯q¡A®³¨ì¤@ÓªÀ·|¤W¤@ÓÁ~¤ô¤£¿ùªº¤u§@¡A³o¹ïªÀ·|¤½¥¤]¤£¬O«Ü¦nªº¨Æ±¡¡A©Ò¥H§Úı±o¡A¾ú¥v±Ôzªº¤è±¨ÓÁ¿¡A¼Ð·ÇÀ³¸Ó´£°ª¡A¥i¥H»¡¾¨¶q¨¾¤î¥Î¤@ºØCopy¦¡¡A¤£n»¡§Ûŧ¦¡¡A¥Î¤@ºØ°Å¶K¦¡ªº¤è¦¡°µ±Ôz¡A§â°Å¶K¦¡ªº¨ºÓn«ÜÄY®æ¡A§A¥un¬O°Å¶K¡A¥un¬Oì«Ê¤£°Ê¡A´N¤@©wn¤Þ¤å¡A¹G§An«·s¥h¼g¡A³o¼Ë¤~¯à«Øºc¤@Ó¸ò§Aªº¬ã¨sÃD¥Ø¬Oª½±µ¬ÛÃöªº¤@ӯߵ¸¥X¨Ó¡A¾ú¥v¯ßµ¸¥X¨Ó¡C ¥H¤W©O¡A¬O§Ú³oÓ©Ô©ÔÂøÂø³o´X¤Ñ¡A¦b§Q¥Î³oÓªÅÀɮɶ¡¡A¬d¤@ÂI¸ê®Æ§@¤@ÂI«ä¦Òªº¤@Óµ²ªG¡A§Ú¤]¤£ª¾¹DÁ¿±o²M¤£²M·¡¡A©ÎªÌ¦³¨S¦³¥Î¡A¦]¬°§Ú¤]¨S¦³®É¶¡§â¥¦¼g¥X¨Ó¡A¥H¤W©Ô©ÔÂøÂø¡A´N¬O§Úªº³ø§i¡A½Ð¦U¦ì¦h¦h«ü±ÐÁÂÁ¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^³¯±Ð±Â¹ï©ó©Ò¿×ªº¡u¾Ç³NÛ²z¡v¡A¦b¦è¤è¢w¢wè¤~ùªL±Ð±Â©Ò´£¨ìªº¡A´N¬Ohonesty¡AÁÙ¦³´£¨ìªº¡u¸Û¥¿¡v³o¨Ç°ÝÃD¡A±q¾ú¥v¾Çªù¡A¤]¥i¥H±q¤H¤å¾Çªù´£¥X¤@¨Ç¬Ýªk¡A³oÓ³¡¥÷¨ä¹ê°£¤F¾ú¥v¾Çªù¡A¤H¤å¤è±¤@Ó´N¬O¤å¾Ç¡A³o¤@³¡¥÷À³«ç»ò¬Ý¡H ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^§Ú·Q¦^À³¤@¤U³¯±Ð±Â´£¨ìªº³o¨Ç°ÝÃD¡A³Ì«á¡A´£¨ì¦pªG¬Oª½±µ¤Þ¤åªº¸Ü¡A´NÀ³¸Ón´x´¤¦n¡A¨º»ò²Ä¤@¡A¾Ç³N¤u§@¥i¥H´ÂµÛ®ø¤Æªº¤è¦V¨«¡A¥i¬O§Úµ¹¦U¦ìªºµoªº¤@Ó¤å¥ó¡A¥L[¥H¬°]¡A§A¦b«¼gÂàz¹L¡A¥L³£Ä±±o¤£¦X²z¡A§Úı±o¦³ÂI¤ÓÄY¤F¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¨S¦³¡C§Úªº·N«ä¬O³o¼Ëªº¡A¨ä¹ê¦]¬°³oÓ¤¤¤å¨ä¹ê«Ü½ÆÂø¡A§ÚªºÆ[ÂI¬O±j½Õ»¡¾Ç³NÛ²z¤£§¹¥þ¬OÓ¤H®æªº°ÝÃD¡A¥L¬O¸ò¾Ç³N©Ê½èªº¤u§@¦³Ãöªº¡A¦pªG§A»¡§Ú̹ï¾Ç³N¤u§@ªº©Ê½è¤H¤å¾Ç³Nªº©Ê½è¦³¨Ç¤Ï¬Ùªº¸Ü¡A³o¨âÃä¥i¥H¬Û¨Ìªº¡C©Ò¥H§Ú±q³oÓ³sµ²ÂI¨Ó¬Ý¡C¦Ü©ó§ÚÓ¤H¬O¤ä«ù¤ñ¸ûÄY®æ¤@ÂI¡AÂàz§AnÁ¿¡A´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¤µ¤Ñ§Ú̫ܦhªºÂàz¡B°Å¶K¡A¬O°½Ãiªº¡Aintellectual laziness¡A®Ú¥»´N¬O°½Ãi¡A§Ṳ́£½Í¤H®æ°ÝÃD¡A¥u¬OÓÃi¤H¡C¦pªG§ÚÌnÁ×§Kn¦]¬°¨ºÃi¦Ó±o¨ì§Q¯q¬O¤£À³¸Óªº¡A§ÚÌ¥ý¤£½ÍÁ¿¹D¼w¡A³o¬O§Úªº¤@ÓÆ[ÂI¡A©Ò¥H¯¸¦b¶Ô³Òªº¤HÀ³¸Ó¤ñÃi¤H±o¨ì§ó¦h§Q¯q¨Ó¬Ý¡A§Ú¬O¤ä«ù¤ñ¸û¥ÎÄY®æªº¤è¦¡¡CÄY®æªº¤è¦¡¤]¤£Ãø¹À¡A§A¦³¥»»â§A´N¨C¤@ÓÂàz´N§âµùÁ¿¥X¨Ó¡A§A¬Ý§An¬O¤@½g¤T¤Q¶¤å³¹§A¦³¤¦ÊÓµù¡A§A¦³¥»»â§Aµù¹À¡A¨º´N¹G§A¤£¯à³o¼Ë¤l¡A¨º´N§â¾Ç³N³W½d¼Ð·Ç´£°ª¤F¡A§Ú¬O³oÓ·N«ä¡A§Ú±q³oÓ¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A ¡]Rollins¡^When I was doing my research for this presentation, I noticed a number of articles that talk about a huge problem in Mainland China. Of course, my initial reaction was surprise. Do they respect integrity? But as I thought about this, it seemed to me that maybe it has something to do with what we were saying before about people being asked to do something that they are not ready to do. In other words, it sounds to me like a requirement has been set up by the government or the academy that people are not prepared to fulfill. And I see this at my own school. Yes, I see this in my own department. As you know I am in ¥~¤å¨t, and so the professors are expected to publish in English, and they are encouraged to publish in international journals. And yet, here we have people writing in English, not their native language, and being expected to publish in journals in which native speakers publish. And they are the absolute best in England, Australia and America. Suppose we are competing to publish in those journals. In the twelve years that I have been at the department, no one has ever published in one of those journals. And so they all feel inadequate. They feel that the university is looking at them as though they are intellectually lazy and a bunch of lumps. But my own view of this is that they are being asked to do something that is almost impossible. Most Americans don¡¦t publish in those journals either. So I wonder about this. I mean, I wonder if people are being pushed, people who are otherwise perfectly ethical and perfectly honest people, are been pushed into an impossible situation. For instance, within my field, how many journals in Taiwan do we consider to be a decent journal publishing in English? If they publish in Chinese, they get very little credit. Somebody will publish something in Chung-wai Literary Monthly. It looks really good, and from everything I understand, it is really quite a good article. But, because it is in Chinese, they don¡¦t get respect. It seems to me there is a problem. People fear, especially now, that the MOE has adopted policy. I mean, in my field of work, how are they going to get full credit for publishing full articles. It is next to impossible for them.¡]01:54:02~01:57:12¡^ ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^I see that what you said can be applied to Taiwan, but not to Mainland China. I think the sources of the pressure are complex, but do not include what you¡¦ve mentioned. I think, even in Taiwan, a numbers of factors may be present for the pressure that people are asked to do what is impossible to do. I think one of the critical factors is that the academic world in Taiwan is dominated by scientists, by people using Mathematics as the language in their research. So basically, the problem is that Taiwan is small and the community is small. The standard is set by the scientists. They don¡¦t understand the nature of the humanities. All those in science can publish articles in poor Chinese, in German, and in Russian. However, I think the situation is beginning to change, particularly at the top ten universities. They are arguing on laws for scientists, and humanists. This is totally based upon the misconceptions about the nature of native social studies being unable to produce knowledge that can be useful and appreciated by society. Does that make any sense if all the science literature is written in Chinese, and can¡¦t be read and understood by the students of the universities in the United States? I suspect that the changes will come to the mid-level universities later. My main problem is the language. The fact is that the members are required to write in English only. I think it is ridiculous. ¡]01:57:12~02:0026¡^ ¡]Rollins¡^Yes. Well, in fact, within my department, you can see this. The people who are language specialists, are doing very well. We¡¦ve had many people in languages and linguistics promoted to professor. No one in literature has ever been promoted at all. The reason is ironic. If you are writing in linguistics or in language studies, your English doesn¡¦t have to be very good. But if you are writing about literature, your English has got to be not only perfect, it has got to be literary.¡]02:00:26~02:01:00¡^ ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^Not only that, in comparison to literary studies, linguistics is far smaller and much more marginal. Once in a while, there are interesting studies. Probably, the people are trained to be scientifically minded.¡]02:01:00~02:01:36¡^ ¡]§d±K¹î¡^§Ú¦b°ê¥~ªº®ÉÔ±µ¨ì¦¿Ä_³¦ªº¹q¸Ü¡A¦o¤£ª¾¹D§Ú¦b°ê¥~¡A©Ò¥H§Ú´N«Ü§ÖµªÀ³¦oªº¦P®É¡A§Ú¨º®ÉÔ«D±`º}«G¦a¦³¤@Ó¤ÏÀ³¡G§Ú·Q§An§ä¨ºÓ³¯®z¤ô±Ð±Â¡A¤@¤è±¬O¦]¬°¥L³oÓ¥±`´N¹ï©ó³oÓÛ²z°ÝÃD¤ñ¸ûÃö¤ß¡A¥t¥~¤@Ó¬O¡A¥L¥»¨´N¬O¾ú¥v¾Ç̪º¥l¶°¤H¡A¤u§@¤WÀ³¸Ó¤]·|¥h«ä¦Ò³oºØ°ÝÃD¡Cµ²ªG§Úªº±À¯òµ´¹ï¨S¦³¿ù¡A³o¼Ëªº¸Ü´N¨Ï±o§Úªº«e¥b¬q¥i¥H¤£Á¿¡A¨º¤@¼Ëªº¡D³o¤@Ó´N¹³³o¤@Ó¡A³¯±Ð±Âè¤~Á¿ªº¡C¨ä¹ê§Ú¹ï©ó³oÓ°ÝÃD§Ú¥»¨Óªº¤@Ó¤F¸Ñ¡AÁÙ¤£¬O¾Ç³N³W½d¡A¥u¬O¦]¬°¦¿Ä_³¦±Ð±Â¸ò§Ú»¡n½Í¤@өҿ׾dzN§Ûŧªº°ÝÃD¡A§Úı±o©Ò¿×¾Ç³N§Ûŧ¡A¤×¨ä¦b¤H¤å¾Ç¬ì¡A¤×¨ä¦b¹³¾ú¥v³o¼Ëªº¾Ç¬ìªº®ÉÔ¡A¨ä¹ê¡A¥L°ò¥»¤W¬O¤@Ó¹ê½îªº°ÝÃD¡C¦b¹ê½îªº¹Lµ{·í¤¤¸IIJ¨ìªº°ÝÃD¡C§Ú·Q¤F¤@¤U¡A¤jP§â§Ú°O¾Ð©Ò¤Îªº¡A¹³°ê¤ºªº´XÓ¦³¦Wªº¾ú¥v¾ÇÂø»x¡A¹³¥x¤jªº¾ú¥v¾Ç³ø°Õ¡B¹³¤¤¬ã°|ªº¥v»y©Ò¶°¥Z¡A§Úµy·L·Q¤F¤@¤U¤§«á¡A§Ú«ÜÅå³Y¡A©Ò¿×«ÜÅå³Y´N¬O»¡¡A¦pªG±qÄY®æªº©w¸q¤W¨Ó»¡¡A§Ûŧªº°ÝÃD«D±`ªºÄY«¡C¦ý¬O©O¡A§Ú·Q§Y¨Ï³¯±Ð±Â¥ý¥Í¦b¾ú¥v¾Çªùªº¥l¶°¤H¨ºÓ¦ì¸m¡A¥¦¦¨¬°°ÝÃD¡A¦b°ê¤º¦¨¤F°ÝÃD¡Acase¦n¹³¤£¦h¡C ¬°¤°»ò·|³o¼Ë¡H¨ä¹ê¸òè¤~³¯±Ð±Â¤w¸g½Í¨ìªº¡A§Ú̳o¤@Ãä¡A¦Ü¤Ö»¡±q¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¥H¨Ó¤j®a¦b¥Î·sªº¿ìªk¥h¼g©Ò¿×ªº¾ú¥v¾Çªº¤å³¹¡BµÛ§@ªº®ÉÔªº¤@¨Ç²ßºD¡A¨ä¹ê¬O¦³Ãöªº¡A¦]¬°°ò¥»¤W¡A§ÚÌ·Q¤@¤U³oÓ¥x¤j¾ú¥v¾Ç³øªº¸Ü¡A¶°§H¡C¶°§H¬O¤@ºØ¦Ê¤À¤§¦Ê¡A´N¬O»¡¦b§O¤Hªº°ò¦¤§¤W¡A¨º°ÝÃD¬O°ò¥»¤W§O¤HÀ°§A³]©w¦nªº¡A§A¦b§O¤Hªº°ò¦¤§¤W¡A¦A¥h§ä¡A§â¤H®a¤w¸g§ä¨ì¤F¦Ê¤À¤§¤K¤Q§Aµ¹¥¦¦b§ä¤F¦Ê¤À¤§¤Q¤¥X¨Ó¡AÅܦ¨¦Ê¤À¤§¤E¤Q¤¡F»¡¤£©w¦A¹L´X¦~¡AÁÙ¦³¥t¥~¤@Ó·|¥h¦A§â¤@¨Ç¦Ê¤À¤§¤Gµ¹§ä¥X¨Ó¡A¤£Â_¦a¦A³o¼Ë²Ö¿n¡C¨ººØ¶°§Hªº¤å³¹¤£¤Ö¡C¥t¥~¤@Ó¡A¦~ÃЪº¤å³¹¤£¤Ö¡A¦~ÃЪº¤å³¹¡A½Ð°Ý¦~ÃЪº¤å³¹¤£¬O¡A¨ä¹ê¥]¬A©Ò¿×±Ôzªºµ²ºc¡C§Î¦¡¡A°ò¥»¤W¬O¤w¸g¬O¦]ŧ®M¹À¡A¥u¬O§A§â¥¦¥Î§O¤H°µ¹Lªº¿ìªk¡A¼g¤@Ó·sªº¤H¡A©Î¬O§â¨ºÓ¤H¦A¥[¤W¥h¡C¶°ª`ªºªF¦è«Ü¦h¡A¨º¶°ª`´Nè¤~³oÓ³¯±Ð±Â½Í¨ìªº¡A§Ú̪º½sÄ¡ªº±¡ªp«Ü¼F®`¹À¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ó¨ä¹ê§ÚÌ´N¤£Â_¦a¦b³oºØ¡A³oÓª`¡Bzªº¶Ç²Î¸Ì±¡A¤£Â_¦aÅ|¤W¥h¹À¡A¶VÅ|¶V¦h¶V¦h¡C³oÓª`zªº¶Ç²Î¡A§Y¨Ï¦ò±Ð¸g¨å¤]¬O³o¼Ë¡A¦b³o¼Ëªº¯ßµ¸¸Ì±¡A¤£Â_¦aÂX¤j¡A§Y¨Ï¨S¦³¤ñ¸û·sªº«¬ºAªº¤@ºØ¼gªk¡A°ò¥»¤W¬O±Ôzªº¹À¡C±Ôzªº¾ãÓªº¬[ºc¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ó½×ÃÒ¡B¤ÀªR¡B¸ÑÄÀ¡A°ò¥»¤WÁÙ¬O¥Î³Ì²³æªº¡A¥Î³Ì²³æªº³oºØ«äºû¼Ò¦¡¦b«÷´ê¤@Ӥ峹¡A©Ò¥H³oÓ¤H¡A¦pªG§ÚÌ¥J²Ó¦a¥h¬Ý¡A¨ººØÄY®æ©w¸qªº©Ò¿×ªº¬ã¨sªº¸Ü¡A·|«D±`¤£¤@¼Ë¡CÄY®æ©w¸qªº³oÓ¬ã¨s¡A·|¬O²Ä¤@Ó§A¥²¶·§Î¦¨°ÝÃD¡A§Î¦¨°ÝÃD¤§«á§A¥²¶·»`¶°Data¡AµM«á§A¥²¶·¹ï©ó³o¨Çdata¶i¦æ¤ÀªR¡FµM¤ÀªR§¹¤F¤§«á¡A§An¥Î¦Û¤vªº¤@®M±Ôz½×ÃÒ¡A´N¦æ¤åªº¤è¦¡¥h¦^µª§Aì¨Óªº¨ºÓ°ÝÃD¡C¤£¹L¡A¦³½ìªº¬O¡Aè¤~§ÚÌ»¡¡A°ò¥»¤W§Ú̦³¤@¥b¡A´X¥G¡A³£¦³¤@¥bªº¦³«Ü¤jªº³oÓ³¡¥÷ªºÃD¥Ø¬O¡A¸ò¦b¬Y¬Y¤Hªº«á±°µ¬ã¨s¡A©Ò¥H¨ºÓ°ÝÃDªº´£°Ý¡A¥»¨ªºì³Ð´N¬O¬Û·íªº§C¤F¡C¦n°Õ¡I»`¶°dataªº®ÉÔ¡A·j¶°data¦b¾ú¥v¾Ç¸Ì±¡A´N§ó¦³·N«ä°Õ¡I°ò¥»¤W¡A¾ú¥v¾ÇªÌ¬O¥h§ä·Ó²z»¡¬O¤w¸g¦s¦b¨º¸Ìªº¡A¥u¬O»Ýn§A¥hµo²{¥L¦Ó¤wªº¨º¤@ºØ¡A¥s°µ¥v®ÆªºªF¦è¡A¸ò§Ú̬ݦ³¤@¨Ç¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨sªÌ¡A¥L¥²¶·¥h¦Û¤v°µ¹êÅç¡A°µ³X¬d¡A°µ½Õ¬d¡A°µ°Ý¨÷½Õ¬d¡A¥h§Î¦¨¥Lªº¼Æ¾Ú¡A¥Lªºdata¹À¡I¨ä¹ê¡A¾ú¥v¾Ç³oºØdata«Ü¤Ö¡C°ò¥»¤W¾ú¥v¾Çªºdata¡A¦³«Ü¤jªº¤@³¡¤À¨Ó¦Û©ó¡A¥h§â»¡¤£©w¬O¦b¹Ï®ÑÀ]ªº¬Y¤@Ó¨¤¸¨ªº¤@¥»®Ñªº²Ä´X¶ªº¨ºÓªF¦èµ¹§ä¥X¨Ó¡A©Ò¥H°ò¥»¤W¡A¨º¨Çdata¥»¨´N¬O¤@Ó¡A´N¬O¤@ӤޥΡA´N¬O¤@Ó§Ûŧ¡C¹ï³oӨƱ¡¡A§Ú´¿¸g¦³¤@Ó¸gÅç¡A§Ú¦³¤@¦¸§c¢w¢wÁÙ¦b¯d¾Çªº®É¥N¡A¦³¤@Ó§Ú̦P¯Zªº¦P¾Ç¡A§@¤F¤@Ó³ø§i¡A¤@Ó¸gÀÙ¥vªº³ø§i¡A¸gÀÙ¥vªº³ø§i´N·|¥X²{«Ü¦hªºªí¡A¶ý²Îp°Ú³oÓ¤°»ò¶i¥X¤fªº²Îp§r¡A°Ú¡A°Úªº³oºØ¼Æ¾Ú¡AµM«á¦C¥X¤@Óªí¨Ó¡Aµ²ªG¥t¥~¤@Ó¦P¾Ç´N°Ý¥L¡A³oÓªí¬O§A¦Û¤vºâ¥X¨Óªº¶Ü¡H¥L»¡¡A¤£¬O¡A³oÓªí¬Oquote¡A¬O¤Þ¥Îªº¡A¤Þ¥Î¬Y¤@Ó¬ã¨sªÌ¡Aµ²ªG©O¡A¤j®aª¾¹D¤é¥»¨ºÓ¾ÇªøÅv«Â«Ü¤j¡A·í³õ´N§â³ø§i¤Hªº¨ºÓ¤jºõª½±µ´NºL¥X¥h¤F¡C¥L»¡¡A¨º³o¤£¥s°µ¬ã¨s¡C¦n°Õ¡A¨ä¹ê¨º¤@¨Ç¼Æ¾Ú¡A¤£¬O¥L¦Û¤vºâªº¡A¬O¬Y¬O¤Þz¬Y¤@½g¤å³¹¦Ó¨Óªº¡A©Ò¥H¬Ý°_¨Ó¬O¡A§Ú̾ú¥v¾Ç¸g±`¦b¥Îdataªº®ÉÔ¡A¥]¬A¨º¼Æ¥Ø¦rªºdata¡A°ò¥»¤W³£ÁÙ¤£¬O¥Î§Ú̦ۤvªº¤@®Mpºâ¥h°µ¥X¨Ó¡A¥h§ä¤@Ó²{¦¨ªº§â¥¦´ê¦b¤@°_¡A©Ò¥H§Ú´N¤@ª½·Q¡A¦pªG¬O³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡A¾ú¥v¾Ç¤£§Ûŧ¤]«ÜÃø¡A©Ò¥H¬Ý°_¨Ó¬O¡A¨º´Nn¬Ý§Ų́쩳¦p¦óªº¨Ó©w¸q§Ûŧ¡A¤@¤è±¨Ó¦Û©ó§ÚÌè¤~»¡¹Lªº³o¤@Ӥ夯¶Ç²Î¡A¤@¤è±¨Ó¦Û©ó¾Ç¬ìªº²ßºD¡A¤£¹L¡Aè¤~§ÚËı±o¡A³¯±Ð±Â½Í¨ì¤@Ó¦³½ìªº°ÝÃD¡A¨º´N¬O»¡¡A³o¤@ºØ±¡ªp¡A¦b§Ú̪º³o¤@Ó»â°ì¸Ì±¡A¦ü¥G¸g±`¤£§â¥¦·í¦¨Û²z°ÝÃD¡A¦Ó¬O§â¥¦·í¦¨¯à¤O°ÝÃD¡C¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¨º¤@ºØ¬ã¨sªÌ¡A¬O¤@ºØ¤ñ¸û¨S¦³³Ð·Nªº¬ã¨sªÌ¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¤@ºØ¤£¹D¼wªº¬ã¨sªÌ¡A§Ú̶ɦV©ó¢w¢w²{¦b¬Ý°_¨Ó¦b¥xÆW¡A¬O¶É¦V©ó¥Î³oºØ¨Ó³B²z¡A¤£¹L§ÚÁÙ¬Oı±o¡A§Ún½Íªº¨ä¹ê³£³Q§Úªº¦P¾ÇÁ¿§¹¤F¡C§Ú̱¹ï³o¨Ç°ÝÃDªº®ÉÔ¡A¥²¶·¥h½Í¡A¨ä¹ê¥¦¦³¦n´XÓ¼h¦¸¡A¤@Ó¼h¦¸¬Oªk«ßªº¼h¦¸¡A¥t¤@Ó¥¦¬O¤@ÓÛ²zªº¼h¦¸¡A¥t¥~¤@Ó¥¦¬O¤@Óè¤~¹³è¤~»¡ªº¥¦¬O¤@Ó¦nÃa¯à¤Oªº¼h¦¸¡C¦pªG³oӾǬ쪺©Ê½è¬O³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡A¦³¤@ºØ±¡ªp´N¬Oèè¦b»¡ªº¡A¦p¦ó¦aÅý§ÚÌ¥h½Í°ÝÃDªº¨º¼Ëªº¬ã¨s¦h¤@ÂI¡A¦ÓÄÝ©ó½sÄ¡©Êªºªº¨º¤@ºØ©Ò¿×ªº¬ã¨s¤Ö¤@ÂI¡A³o¬O¤@ºØ¡C¥t¥~¤@ºØ¬O¡A§Y¨Ï¬O³o¼Ë¡A§A»¡Æ[©À¡A§Ú¬O³Q½Ö±Òµoªº¡A§Ú¬O³Q½Ö¼vÅTªº¡AÅãµMªº§Ú¤£¥i¯à¡A§Ú¤£¥i¯à¦³ì³Ð©Ê¡A¦ý¬O§Ú¬O¨ü¨ì¥Lªº±Òµo¡A¦b¥Lªº¨º¤@ÓÆ[ÂIªº©µªø©Ê¡A§@¤F¤Þ¦ù¡A§@¤F¤@¨Ç½Õ¾ã¡A³o¨ÇªF¦èn«ç»òÓ¿ì©O¡H§ÚËı±o¡A¨º¬O¥u¯à¾aµÛ¦æ¤ºªº¤Hªº¦h¼Æ¤Hªº¤ßÃÒ¡C¦ý¬O²{¦b³Â·Ðªº¬O¡A²{¦b¤Þ»â¤Hªº¤j®a¡An§â³oÓªF¦èÂà´«¦¨¬°¬O«Ü¨ãÅé¦an¥h§ì¹ú¡A¨º³oÓ§ì¹úÁÙ¸g±`¬O¤°»ò¹ú¡H¬O§â¥¦·í¦¨¬Oªk«ß°ÝÃDªº¹ú¡C§ÚËı±o¦p¦ó¦b³o¼Ëªº¤@Ó¤j·§¬Û¦Pªº³o¤@Ӥ夯¶Ç²Î¡A©ÎªÌ¬O¾Ç¬ì²ßºDªº³o¼Ëªº¤@ÓCommunity¸Ì±¡AÅý¦h¼Æ¤H³qÅó¥þ½g¤§«á¡A§Î¦¨¦h¼Æªº¤ßÃÒ¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¹³³¼f¹Î³o¼Ë¤l¡A¥h¶D½Ñ³¼f¹Îªº§PÂ_¡A¦Ó³oºØ§PÂ_¡A³Ì¦n¤£n°¨¤W¥h¡A¤]´N¬O»¡±¹ï³o¨Ç°ÝÃDªº®ÉÔ¡A¤£¥Î°¨¤W´Nn¥h±¹ï¡A¦n¹³§ÚÌn·d¥X¤@Ó«Ü©ú½Tªº¦Ó¥B«Ü¨ãÅ骺«Üªk«ß¤Æªº¨º¤@ºØ³W½d¡A³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡A¦pªG§Ú̳o¼Ë°µªº¸Ü¡A¤Ï¦Ó§ÚÌ·|±¼¤J¤@Ó¦Û¤v¸j¦Û¤vªº³´¨Àùر¥h¡A§Ú¬O±q²{¦b§ÚÌ¥xÆWªº³oÓ¤p°é°é¡A¾Ç³N¬Éªº¤p°é°é¸Ì±ªº²{¹êªº±¡ªp¡A¤@ÂI·P·Q¡A§ó¤jªº¬[ºc¨ä¹êè¤~³¯±Ð±Â³£¤w¸g½Í¹L¤F¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^²{¦b°ê¬ì·|¦³¦b§â¥¦ªk¨î¤Æªº¤@Ó¤u§@¦b°µ¡C°ê¬ì·|ªk³W¦b°µ¡A¤£¹L§Ú¤ñ¸û«ØÄ³¡A¹ê°È¤W¡A¨ä¹ê³£¬OÓ®×Ӯתº½Í¡A¤j³¡¤À¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A¼Ð·Ç¤£·|¤Ó°ª¡C¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡°Õ¡A¥Dnªº®ðª^¢w¢w¦]¬°³o¦b¦è¤è¬O¦³©v±Ðªº°ò¦ªº¡A¹³¦ã¼wµØ¥Ì°i}¡A¬ü°ê°Ñijû¡A´N¦b¤j¾Ç®ÉÔ³Q«¢¦ò¤j¾Ç¶}°£¤F¡A¥L¬O§@¹ú³Q¶}°£¡A§Ṳ́S¨S¦³³oÓ©v±Ð³oÓ°ò¦¡A§Ú̪º³o¨Ç»ùȪº·Pı´N¨S¦³³o»ò²`¡A¨ä¹ê§Ų́S¦³³oÓ¤O¶q¡A§Ų́S¦³³o»ò¤jªº¤O¶q»¡¡A¤@©wnÄY¼F³B¸m¡A§Ú·Q¥Dnªº®ðª^¬Oı±o¤£¤½¥¡C²{¦bªº³Â·Ð¦b©ó¹ê°È¬ã¨s¬O«Ü¤jµ{«×¤Wªº¤@¶ô¡A¸ò¤u§@¦³Ãö¡A¸ò¨Æ·~¦³Ãö¡A¦b²{¥NªÀ·|¤¤¡A¨Æ·~¸ò¤Hªººa°d¦³Ãö¡A¸ò¥H«e¬ìÁ|®t¤£¦h¡A©Ò¥H©O¡A´N³y¦¨¡A¦]¬°²o¯A¨ì§Q¯q¡A¦]¦¹·|¦³«Ü¤j§Q¯q¹º¤À¡A´N·|ı±o¤£¤½¥¡C¹ï¤£¤½¥ªº±¡ªp´Nn¨üÀ£§í¤@¤U¡A¨º¤]¥u¬O¬ÝӮסA©Ò¥H´N®ðª^¨ä¹êÁÙ¤£¬O»¡³B»@¡A§Úı±o¤£¬O³o¼Ë¡A¦Ó¬Oı±o³oÓ¤H¹ê¦b¤Ó¹L¤À¤F¡A¤£¤½¥¡A§Úı±o¬O³oÓ²{¶H¡A³o¨ä¹ê¤]¬O¾Ç³NÛ²z©Î¬Ointegralityªº¡A¤º®e¬O¤@Pªº¡A´N¬Oinvarious¡]02:18:46~02:18:53¡^¡A¬°¤°»òinterpretative¸òhonesty¤£§¹¥þ¤@¼Ë¡A´N¦b³o¤@ÂI¡C¦]¬°§A³o¼Ë¤£¤½¥¡A§A³o¼Ë¦n¹³¡A§O¤Hªº¦]¬°§A³o¼Ë°µ¡A³y¦¨§O¤H¦¨´N³Q®I¨S©Î¬O§A±o¨ì§Q¯q´N¤ñ§O¤H¦h¡]02:19:00¡^¡A§Úı±o®ðª^¬O³o¼Ë¡C¦Ü©ó³oÓªk¨î¤Æªº¬ö¿ý¡A§Ú¤£¬O«Ü²M·¡¡A¤£¹L¥Dn¬O¦]¬°§Ú̲{¦bªº°ê®a¦æ¬F»Ýn«Ü¦h©ú½Tªº³W½d¡A¤£¹L§Úı±o³oÓ®ðª^¤]¤£ºâ¤Ó«ç»ò¼Ë¡A¦]¬°¤½¥¹ê¦b¬O¤@Ó¤j°ÝÃD¡C¦]¬°²{¦bÅܦ¨§Q¯q¤Æ¬O¨Æ¹ê¹À¡A¨Æ·~¤Æ¬O¨Æ¹ê¹À¡A©Ò¥H¤µ¤Ñ³oÓ§Ûŧªº°ÝÃD¡A©TµM¬O»¡¡A¹³ªF¨ÈªÀ·|¦]¬°¦³¡A¥]¬A¤é¥»¾Ç¥Í§Ûŧ¤]«ÜÄY«¡A©TµM¬O¸ò¤å¤Æ¶Ç²Î¸ò§Þ³N¤è±¦³Ãö¡A¤£¹L³o¦b¦è¤è¤]Åܦ¨º¡ÄY«ªº°ÝÃD¡A¦]¬°ª½±µ¸ò¨Æ·~¤Æ¦³Ãö¡A³o¸ò¤T¤Q¦~«e§Ú§@¬ã¨sªº®ðª^¤Ñ®t¦a»·¡A³o¥i¯à¬O§ÚÌn¤@¤@±¹ïªº°ÝÃD¡C²Ä¤@´N¬O¡A§Ú̪º§Þ³N¡F²Ä¤G´N¬O³oÓ®ðª^¡C³o¨âÓ¡A«ç»ò°µ¡HÁÙÆZÃøªº¡A§Ú¤]ÃÙ¦¨³oÓn¥ý§Î¦¨¦@ÃÑ¡A©Ò¿×ªº¤ßÃÒ¡AµM«á¦AºCºC¬Ý¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^°ê¬ì·|¦bÁ¿ªº³oÓ³W¯x¡AÁöµM¦³¡u§Ûŧ¡v³oÓÄY«ªº°ÝÃD¡A¦ý¬O¤]·|®Ú¾Ú¤£¦Pªºcase¤À§O°Q½×¡A¥¦¬O¤@Ó°ò¥»ì«h¡A¦ý¬O¨C¤@Ócase¨Ã¤£¤@¼Ë¡AÄ´¦p»¡½sÄ¡¡A¦ý¬O½sÄ¡«á±ÁÙ¦³°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø¡A¥un§â©Ò¥Îªº¸ê®Æ©ñ¨ì«á±ªº°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø¡A¦b«e±Áö¨S¦³¼Ðµù¡A¨ä¹ê¤]ÁÙ¤£ºc¦¨³o¼Ëªº§Ûŧ±ø¥ó¡C©Ò¥H§Ûŧ¥u¦³§A¥Î¨ì¤@©wªº¤À¶q¡A¦ý¬O«á±¨S¦³©ñ¶i®Ñ¥Ø¡A´N¤£¯à»¡º|±¼¤F¡A¦]¬°¦pªG¬O¥Î«Ü¤Ö¦Óº|±¼¡A©|¥iì½Ì¡C¦ý¬O¦pªG¥Î¤F«Ü¦h¡AµM«á»¡º|±¼¤F¡A³oºØ±¡§Î´N¥i¥H»¡¬O¡u§Ûŧ¡v¡C¤£¹L¡A²{¦b¾ú¥vªº½×¤å«Ü¦h¤]³£¬O½×z©Êªº©Î¦ÒÃҩʪº¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^¨ººØ¡A¥J²Ó·Q¤@¤U¡AÁÙ¬O¦³¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^¾ãÓªí¡A´N¬O¾ú¥v¾Çªº¤å³¹¡A¾ú¥v¾ÇªºµÛ§@¥»¨¨ººØªíz¡Aªízªº¨ººØ§Î¦¡¡A´N¦³«Ü±jªº«Ü±jªº§Ûŧªº¡A´N¬O»¡ÄY®æ©w¸q§Ûŧªºµ{«×¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^³o¬O¼eªx©w¸q¤Uªº§Ûŧ¡CÄ´¦pè¤~Á¿ªº¡A°µ¥xÆW¥vªº³¡¥÷¡A¦a«´©TµM¤w¦s¦b¡A¦ý¬O¦³¤Hµo²{¡A¥H«eªº¤H¨S¦³¨Ï¥Î¹L¡A³o±ø¸ê®Æ©TµM¤S¬O¹Ï®ÑÀ]¨¤¸¨¸Ìªº¤@¥»®Ñ¡A³o±ø¸ê®Æ¹L¥h°µ¬ã¨s¨S¦³¨Ï¥Î¹L¡C²Ä¤@¦¸µo²{´N¥iÀu¥ý¨Ï¥Î¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^¡^©Ò¥H³o´N³Â·Ð¤F¡A¦]¬°§Aª¾¹D¡A¦b§Ú̳o¾Ç³NµûŲ·í¤¤¡A¨S¦³¥Î¥v®Æ¡A¨S¦³¥Î¨ì¤°»ò¥v®Æ¡A³Q½èºÃ±o«Ü¤j¡A¬O³Q§O¤H½èºÃªº®ÉÔ¡A«Ü¤jªº®ÉÔ¡A¤~¦³¿ìªk¡C©Ò¥H¤]´N¬O¦]¬°³o¼Ë¡A©Ò¥H¤~¥²¶·n§â¾ãÓ¬ã¨s§ï¦¨¤@ӰݰÝÃDªº¬ã¨s¡A¦Ó¥B¥Î¦Û¤vªº»y¨¥¥hªí¥Ü§Aªº¬ã¨s¦¨ªG¡A¾¨¶q¤£n»¡¬O§Aþ¸Ì¨S¤Þ§r¡B§Aþ¸Ì¨S¦³¥Î§r¡A¦pªG¬O³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡A´N¨S¦³¿ìªk¾É¥¿»¡¡A¾ãÓªº¾Ç³Nªº¬ã¨s¡A¤@ºØ¬O¦b°Q½×°ÝÃDªº¡A°Q½×§Úªº³Ð·N¡A©ÎªÌ°Q½×§Úªº·N¨£¡C§Ú±j½Õªº¬O¡Aè¤~³¯±Ð±Â©Ò»¡ªº½sÄ¡«¬ªº³o¤@ºØ¬ã¨s¨ú¦Vªº°ÝÃD¡A©Ò¥H³o¾ãÓ²o¯A¨ì§Ú̪º©Ò¿×ªº¾Ç³N¬ã¨sªº¾ãÓªº·Qªk¡A¤°»ò¥s°µ¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¡H©ÎªÌ»¡¤°»ò¬O·s®É¥Nªº¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¡H ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¤j³°¾Ç·|±j½Õ¡A³o¤@±ø¸ê®Æ©ÎªÌ»¡³o¤@ºØ¸ê®Æ¡A¬O§Úµo²{ªº´N¥s¡uµo²{Åv¡v¡A¹L¥h¨Ã¨S¦³¤H¥Î¹L¡C¦b³o¤@¦æ¦b°µ³o¤@Ó¬ã¨sªº³o±ø¸ê®Æ¹L¥h¨S¦³³Q¥Î¹L¡A¤£ºÞ³oÓ¸ê®Æ«ç»ò¨Óªº¡A´N¦³¡uµo²{Åv¡v¡C¦ý¬O¦pªG¹³§A³o¼ËÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A³oÓ¦³¨S¦³µo²{Åv¡H ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¨ºÓ¡A§â¨ºÓ¬ì¾ÇªºÆ[©Àdiscoverªº¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^´N´«¥y¸Ü»¡ ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¬ì¾Ç¦³®ÉÔ³£¬O¦b¨º¸Ì¹À¡I ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¹ï¡I¦ý¬O¦]¬°¹L¥h¨S¦³¨Ï¥Î³oÓ¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^´N¬O§ÚÌn¾¨¶q§â¥¦Åܦ¨¤@ӳгyªºªF¦è¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥hµo²{ªF¦è¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¨ºn§ó°ª¤F¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^¦b§Ú̳oӾǪù¡Aè¤~³¯±Ð±Â½Í¹Lªº¡A´N¬O°ò¥»¤W³o¨ÇªF¦è¬O«ç»ò¼Ë¡A¤j³¡¤ÀÁÙ¬O¤j®a¦@¨Éªº¥v®Æò¡A¦³¤@¨Ç¾Çªù¡A¦Ò¥j¾Ç¦n¤F¡A³oÓ§|§Ú«õ¡A©Ò¥H§Ú¥Î¥¦¨Ó¶i¦æ¬ã¨sªº®ÉÔ¡A§O¤H¬O¨S¦³¿ìªk¥i¥H¥h¡AÄ´¦p»¡¡A§Ú̱`±`¹³¾ú¥v¾Çªº¡A§A·|¥Îµù¹À¡A¥hÅý¤H®a¥i¥H¥hÅçÃÒ³oÓÃÒ¾Ú¡A³oÓ§Ú«õ¤F¤§«á¡A¦b§Úªº¬ã¨s«Ç¡A§A«ç»ò¥hÅçÃÒ¥LªºÃÒ¾Ú©O¡H©Ò¥H³o¬O§ó¥[ªºÄY«¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¹ï¡IÄ´¦p»¡°µ¥xÆW¥vªº¡A²{¦b¦³«Ü¦hªº¦a«´¡A¦pªG¬O§A¥Îªº¡A©Î¸ò¬Y¤@Ó®a±Úcopy¨Ó¡A§O¤H®Ú¥»´N¥Î¤£¨ì¡A´N¥²¶·n¡u¸Û¥¿¡v¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¨Ì¸ê®Æ¦b°µ³o¼Ëªº½×z¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¤£¬O¡C^¤å¾Ç¬É¤£ã¥Î¨S¦³¤½¶}¤ÆªºÃÒ¾Ú¾ú¥v¸ê®Æ¡A¥ĻóÄY®æ¡A°²¦p´«¥y¸Ü»¡§A¨S¦³¤½¶}¤Æ¡A´N¤£¯à¤Þ¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¦pªG»¡¡A§A¬ã¨s³oÓ¤½À]ªº¦a«´¢w¢w ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¤@©wn¤½¶}¤Æ¤~¯à ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¤½¶}¤Æ¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¹ï¹ï¡A´N§O¤H¦Ü¤Ö¬Ý±o¨ì¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^¦Ü¤Ö³o¤@§åªF¦è¡A¥x¤j¹Ï®ÑÀ]§A¥h¥Î¡A§A¤]¥i¥H¬Ý±o¨ì°Õ¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^©Î¬O¦b¥L®a¡A¥L¥i¥H¤½¶}¤Æ¡A¤£¹L¨SªÅ¶}¤Æ¡A¤£¯à¤Þ¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^©Ò¥H»¡Ä´¦p¢w¢w ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^ì«h¤W¢w¢w ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^Ä´¦p»¡¶Rªº¡An¦³¤@¥bªº³d¥ô»¡¡A³oÓ¦a«´¥i¥HÅý§O¤H¥hÀËÅç¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¹ï¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^§ÚªºÃÒ¾Ún¥i¥H³QÀËÅ窺¹À¡Cªü¨ºµL«¨¡A©Ò¥H©Ç¤£±o§Ú«õ³o«¨¹À¡AµM«á§Ú¦Û¤v¼g¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^©Ò¥H^¤å¾Ç¬Éªºì«h¡A¤£¬O¦Ê¤À¤§¦Ê¡A¦Ê¤À¤§¤E¤Q¤EÂI¤E¡A¦]¬°¦³¨Ò¥~¡A¦³¤Ö¼Æ¨Ò¥~¡A¥i¬O°ò¥»¤W´N¬O³o¼Ë¡A´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¦pªGÄY®æ¥Zª«¡A³oÓÃҾڬݤ£¨ì¡A®Ú¥»´N¤£±µ¨ü§Aªº½×¤å¡A°£«D§A¯à°÷Åý«OÃÒ»¡§O¤H¯à¬Ý±o¨ì¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^©Ò¥H»¡³s¤fzªº¸ê®Æ¡A³Ì«áÀɮפ]nÂk¤½¡A³oÓ¤~¬O¦³¸Û«H¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¤fz¤ñ¸û½ÆÂøªº¦a¤è¡A´N¦]¬°§A¤£¥i¯àµoªí©Ò¦³ªF¦è¹À¡A¥i¬O§AÁ`n¦b¬YÓµ{«×¤W§O¤H¯à°÷access¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^¹ï¡CÄ´¦p»¡¡A¥¦·|»¡¡A¦b¤°»ò®ÉÔ¦b¤°»ò¦a¤è³X°Ý¤F½Ö¡A»¡¤£©w¨º³X°Ý¤F½Ö¡A¨ºÓ¤H§A¥²¶·¦]¬°Áô¨pÅv§A¥²¶·Áô±¼¥L¡A¦ý¬O¦b¤°»ò®ÉÔ§Ú¦bþ¸Ì³X°Ý¡AÅý¤H®a¦³¦Ü¤Ö¦³¬YºØµ{«×ªº¥i¥H¥hÀ˵ø¤@¤U¹À¡AµM«á§A»¡»Ýnªº¸Ü¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¤µ¤Ñ¦¤W¡AÃC±X¶§±Ð±Â¥L»{¬°¡A§÷®Æ¤£¬O¥ô¦ó¤H©Ò¦³¡A¨ä¹êÆZ¹³³oÓ¡A©Ò¦³ÃÒ¾Ú³£¥²¶·n¤½¶}¤Æ¡AµM«á§A¤~¯à¾ã²z¥L¡A©Ò¥H³Q¼x¤Þªº®ÉÔ¡A¤]¤£¬OÓ¤Hªº°]²£¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^§Úı±oµ¥¤@¤U§Ú̽ͤå¾Ç¡A¦]¬°Ã¹ªL±Ð±Â¤]ºâ¬O¬ã¨s¤å¾Çªº¡A¤£¹L¥Î¦è¤èªº¤è¦¡¡Aµ¥¤@¤U¤]³\´N½Í½Í¤å¾Ç¡C¦]¬°ÃC±Ð±Â¥LÁ¿ªº¡A³o¤]¥Nªí¤@ºØÆ[©À¡C§A̬O¾ú¥vªº¡A¾ú¥v´N¦bÛ²z¾Çªù¸Ì±¡A¤@¦V³Q»{¬°¸û±µªñ¬ì¾Ç¡A©Î¬Oºë¯«¤W¬O¬ì¾Ç¹êÃÒªº¡A¦ý¬O¤å¾Ç¬O¤£¬On¦b¬Y¤@³¡¥÷¹³¡A¬Y¤@³¡¥÷¤£¥²¡H³oˬOµ¥¤@¤U¥i¥H°Q½×ªº¡C¦]¬°³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡A´N¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¨Ó¡AÁöµM¤å¥v¤å¥v¤£¤À®a¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¦b³B²z§÷®Æ¤W±¡A¬O¦³¤@ÂI¤£¦P¡C ¡]¹ù¬ü¥É¡^¥ý¶i¡A«Ü°ª¿³¯à¦³³oÓ¾÷·|¨Ó±µÄ²³o¤@¤è±ªº«Ü¦h°T®§¡A¯S§O¤µ¤Ñ¦³¹ê»Úªº¥æ½Í¸Ì±¡A±o¨ìªº±Òµo¬Û·í¦a¦h¡C§Ú«D±`¦P·N³¯±Ð±Â©Ò½Íªº¡A¾Ç³N¬ã¨s°ò¥»¤W¨ÓÁ¿¬OÄÝ©óÓ¤Hªº¤@Ó¿³½ì¡A©Ò¥H«ÜÂQ©¹¿ï¾Ü¾Ç³N¬ã¨s³o±ø¸ô¡A¨º»ò°ò¥»¤W¬O¥Î¦Û¤vªº³ß¦n¥h¾\Ū¡B¥h²z¸Ñ¡B¥h¼¶¼g¡C¤¤°êªº¶Ç²Î¤å¤Æ¸Ì±¡A¦³¤@¥y¸Ü¥s¡u³¬ªùµÛ®Ñ¡v¡A³¬ªùµÛ®Ñ¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A©Ò¿×ªº¾Ç³N³W½d¤]¦n¡A³o¨Ç°ÝÃD¤j·§´N¤£·|¥X²{¡C·|¥X²{¤j·§¬O¦b±Ð±Â¤Éµ¥ªº®ÉÔ¡A¦]¬°¦³¤£¦Pªº¾Ç¬£¡A´N·|©¼¦¹¥hÃöª`¹ï¤è©Ò½Íªº¡B©Ò¤Þ¥Îªº¸ê®Æ¡A¸ò§Ú©Ò½Íªº³o¨Ç¦³¤°»òªº¤£¦P¡H¥i¬O¦b§Ú̲{¥Nªº¾Ç³N¬ã¨sÀô¹Ò¸Ì±¡A¦³¤@ÂI³Q¹GµÛn¨«¥X¡u³¬ªùµÛ®Ñ¡v³o¼Ë¤@Ó©¯ºÖªºÀô¹Ò¡C¦]¬°§Ú̩Ҭݨ쪺¡A§Ú°O±o±µÄ²ªº¡A¤j·§³Ìªñ¦³Ãö¾Ç³NÛ²zªº®×¥ó¡B¦³Ãö§Ûŧªº®×¥ó¡A¦³·U¨Ó·U¦hªºÁͶաC³o¼ËªºÁͶո̱¡A´NÅܱo§ÚÌ¥²¶·¥h±¹ïªº°ÝÃD¡A¤£¦A¥u¬OÓ¤Hªº¿³½ì¡A¦ÓÀ³¸Ón¦^¨ì¾ãÓÀô¹Òªº³W½d©M»Ý¨D¡A¦b³o¸Ì±¡A©Ò¦³ªº¾Ç³NÛ²z®×¥ó¡A¤ñ¦p»¡§Ûŧ®×¥óªº¥X²{¡A§Ú²³æ¦aÂk¯Ç¤@¤U¡A¤j·§¥X²{¦b´XÓ±¡ªp¡G¤@Ó¬O¤Éµ¥ªº³¡¥÷¡A¤@Ó¬O¥Ó½Ð¬ã¨sp¹ºªº®ÉÔ¡A¥t¤@Ó´N¬O§ë½Z´Á¥ZÂø»xªº®ÉÔ¡A¼f¬d¤]·|³Qµo²{¡C ¥t¥~¡A¦b¤J¾Ç¦Ò¸Õªº³¡¥÷¡A§Ṳ́]´¿¸gµo²{¹L¡C¥t¥~¡A½Ò°óªº³ø§i¡C³o¤@¨Ç³£·|³Qµo²{¦³¾Ç³N§Ûŧªº°ÝÃD¦s¦b¡C³o¸Ì±¡A¤]´N¬O³¯±Ð±Â©Ò½Í¨ìªº©Ò¿×±M·~ªº³oÓ°ÝÃD¡A¦]¬°©Ò¦³ªº³o¤@¨Ç·|¥X²{¾Ç³NÛ²z¡B¾Ç³N³W½dªº°ÝÃD¡A¤j·§³£·|¯A¤Î¨ìÅv§Qªº³¡¤À¡C¨ºÅv§Qªº³¡¥÷¥]¬A¦³§Q¯qªº·N«ä¦b¸Ì±¡A§ó©ú½T¦a¸òªk«ß¦³Ãöªº´N¬O©Ò¿×ªº±M§Q¡C¨º³oºØ±¡ªp©³¤U¡A§ÚÌn¨«¥X¦U¤Hªº¬ã¨sªº»â°ì¡A¶i¤J¾Ç³N¬É¸Ì±©M¦P¾«¥h§@¹ï¸Üªº®ÉÔ¡A¤£¥iÁ×§K¦an¥h±¹ï³o¼Ëªº°ÝÃD¡C¤£¹L³oÓ°ÝÃD¤]¸Û¦p¦U¦ì²{¦b©Ò½Íªº¬O¤@ӫܽÆÂø¡A¥Ø«eÁÙ¯d¦³¬Û·í¤jªº¤@Ó¼Ò½k©Êªº¤@ӪŶ¡¡C³Ì§xÂZªº¦a¤è¡A¤j·§¬O§Ú̯à´x´¤ªº¸ê°T¨ä¹ê¬O¬Û·í¦³¡A§Ú̯à¥h½Í¡B§Ú̦p¦ó¥h¦Û§Ú³W½d¡C¨º¨ì©³«ç»ò¼Ëªº¤@Ó³W½d¡A·|½ò¨ì©³½u¡H¦³³o¼Ë¤@Ó¨Òµý¡A°ò¥»¤W¨ÓÁ¿¥Ø«e¨Ã¨S¦³³Q¤Þ¥Î¡B³Q°Q½×¡A©Ò¦³ªºÓ®×¸Ì±¡A¸g±`³£¥u¬O¤º³¡ªº¸ê®Æ¡A§A¯à¬Ý¨ì¤F¸Ñªº¡A¨ä¹ê³£¬O«Ü¦³ªº¡A¤j³¡¥÷¨ä¹ê§Ú̳q±`³£¤£ª¾¹D¡C¨º»ò¡A¤°»ò¼Ëªº±¡ªp©³¤U¥i¯à·|½ò¨ì¬õ½u¡A¤°»ò¼Ëªº±¡ªp©³¤U¬O¨S¦³°ÝÃDªº¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ó»¡¡A¤]¬O¨ºÓ¤½¥ªº°ÝÃD¡A¦³³Q´£¥X¨Ó´N¦³°ÝÃD¡A¨S¦³³Q´£¥X¨Óªº°ÝÃD¨ì©³¦³¦h¤Ö¡A¥Ñ³oÃä©Ò´£¨Ñªº¸ê®Æ¸Ì±¡A§Ú¦Û¤v´N¦³³\¦h¨S¦³¯B¤W枱±ªº³¡¤À¡C èèµ¹§Úªº¸ê®Æ¸Ì±¡A§Ú¦³µo²{¨ì¦³´Xӫܦ³½ìªº²{¶H¡A©Ò¥H¤@¶}©l§Ú¥i¯à±q´XÓµü»y¨Ó½Í°_¡C±q¥j±Ð±Â©Ò½Í¤@¶}©l©Ò½Íªº¬O§Ûŧ¡Aµ¹§Úªº¸ê®Æ¸Ì±¡A§Ú¬Ý¨ì¡u¾Ç³NÛ²z¡v¡B¡u¾Ç³N³W½d¡vªº³o´XÓ¦WºÙ¡A³o´XÓ¦W¦A¨ì©³¦³¨S¦³®t§O¡HÁÙ¬O»¡¥L̨ä¹ê¬Ûµ¥ªº¡H¤ñ¸û·sªº°T®§¸Ì±¡A°²¦p§Ú̦b°µ¼f¬dªº®ÉÔ¡A´N¥i¥Hµo²{¨ì¡Aì¨Óªº´N¬O¤Ä¿ïÄæ¸Ì±¡A¥u¦³§Ûŧ¡A¯A¤Î§Ûŧªº¤@ӤĿïÄæ¡A¦ý¬O³Ìªñ¦h¤F¤@Äæ¡A³o·íµM¬O§ÚÌ¥h«ØÄ³¼W¥[ªº¡A·s¼Wªº¤@Äæ¥s°µ¹H¤Ï¾Ç³NÛ²z¡C³o¼Ë¤@Ó¤À¿ë¸ÌÀY¡A§i¶D§Ú̧Ûŧ¸ò¾Ç³NÛ²z¨ä¹ê¤£¤@¼Ëªº¡C©Ò¥H¡A§Ú¹Á¸Õ¥Î§Ú¹ïµü·J¤Wªº²z¸Ñ¨Ó°µ³o¼Ë¤lªº¤@Ó¤À¿ë¡C³oÓ¤À¿ë¤£µ¥©ó¤@Ó¬ù§ô©Ê¡A¥u¦³Åé·|¡C´Nµü·JªºÅé·|¨Ó¬Ýªº¸Ü¡A§ÛŧÀ³¸Ó¬O¦³¥Ç¸o©Êªº¡A¾Ç³NÛ²zªº¸ÜÀ³¸Ó¬OÁ¿¤Ñ¤U¹D¼w©Êªº¸Û«Hì«hªº°ÝÃD¡A¾Ç³N³W½dªº¸ÜÀ³¸Ó¤ñ¸ûÄÝ©ó§Þ³N¼h±¡A¥]§tì¤å®æ¦¡¡Bµ{§Çªºì«h¡C¨º»ò¡A¤£¦Pªº¾Çªù¡A¤£¦Pªº»â°ì¸Ì±¡A¦³¨Ì¥¦ªº¥Ø¼Ð¸ò¥\¯à¦Ó«Ø¥ßªº¤@ºØ¼Ð·Ç¤è¦¡¡C§Ú¹Á¸Õ³o¼Ë¤À¡A¦ý§Ú̦b¹ê»Úªº¹ê¨Ò¸ÌÀY·|µo²{¨ì¾Ç³N³W½d©M¾Ç³NÛ²z«í±`¬O³Q²V¥Îªº¡A¦]¬°¦³ÂI³W½d¦n¹³¤]«ÜÃø¥h§â¥¦¤À¶}¨Ó¡Aèè¡A¤]´N¬O³¯±Ð±Â½Íªº¡A¦³¨Ç¬OÄݤ媺¡A¦³¨Ç¬OÄݽפ媺³¡¤À¡A·íµM¤]¦³³o»òªº¤@Ó²{¶H¡A³o¸Ì±·|¥X²{ªº±¡ªp¡A¤ñ¦p»¡¨ãÅ骺¨Ó½Í¡A§Ûŧ¬O¦³¥Ç¸o©Êªº¡C §Ú¦³¨âÓ«D±`©ú½Tªº¨Ò¤l¡C ¤ñ¦p»¡¾Ç®Õ¾Ç³ø¡A¦³¤@¦¸µ¹¥L¤@½g½Z¤l½Ð¥L¼f¬d¡A¥L¤@¬Ý¨ì³oÓ½Z¤l«D±`¼ô±x¡A±qÀY¬Ý¨ì§À¡A®Ú¥»´N¬O§Úªº½×¤å¹À¡A¥L¦Û¤vªº½×¤å¡A§ë·dªº¬O¤@Ó³Õ¤h¯Zªº¾Ç¥Í¡A¥i¨£³oÓ§Ûŧªº¥Ç·N¬O«D±`©ú½Tªº¡A±qÀY¨ì§À³£¥´¡A´«Ó¦W¦r¡A¤]¤£¶K³oӾǪ̬O¦b¨ºÓ¾Ç®ÕªA°È¡A´N§ë¨ì¥L¨ºÓ¾Ç®Õªº¥Zª«¸Ì±¡A³o¼Ëªº¤@Ó¦æ®|¡A¾Ç¥Í¥»¨¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¤£¦A¶È¶È¬O§ÚÌì¨Ó©Ò¿×ªº¿³½ì¡A¥L´N§â³o¤@Ó¤u§@·í§@¾·~¡F¥L»Ýn¦³¤@¨Ç·~ÁZªº®ÉÔ¡A´N¨«¤@Ó¨ú¥©¥Ç¸oªº³~®|¡C¥t¥~¤@Ó¨Ò¤l´N¬O»¡¡A§Ú¦b§@·~¸Ì±¡An¾Ç¥Í´N¬Y¤@Ó¥DÃD¥h°µ¤@Ó¤åÄmªº¦^ÅUªº¤u§@¡A¦³ªº¾Ç¥Í´Nµo²{³o¼Ë¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡A´N¬O»¡¥LÁ¿¨ì¤F¨â½g½×¤å¡A§Úµ¹¥Lªºn¨D¡A¤]¬O¥Ø«eªº¾Ç³N³W½d¡A´N¬O½×¤ån¶V·s¶V¦n¡A¥L´N¨ú³Ì·sªº¡A¦Ó¥B«á±«Ü¤£¦wªºªþµù¡A¥L¬Ý¤F¥t¥~¤@½g½×¤å¡A§¹¥þ¤@¼Ë¡A¦ý¬O¦W¦r¤£¤@¼Ë¡A¤@¶}©lµo²{¨ì³o¤@ÂI¡A¨â½g³£¤w¸gµo±¼¤F¡A«ç»ò¿ì¡H¤å¦r§¹¥þ¤@¼Ë¡A§@ªÌ¤£¤@¼Ë¡A¨Ì·Ó§Úªº²z½×¡A¥H·sªº¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡Aªº¨º¤@Ó¨ä¹ê´N·|n»\±¼¡A©Ò¥H³o¸Ì±¡A©Ò¦³§Ûŧ³£¬O«D±`©úÅ㪺½d¨Ò¡C ²Ä¤GÓ¡A§Ún½Í¨ì¡A³oÓ©Ò§e²{ªº¤@¨Ç²{¶H¡A´£¨Ñ¤j®a¨Ó°µ«ä¦Ò¡C¤]´N¬O¡A¦b§ÛŧÃþ¦üªº®×¥ó¸Ì±¡A¥L¥i¯à¤ñ¸û°¾¾Ç³NÛ²zªº³¡¤À¡C¤W½ÒªºÁ¿¸q¡A¾Ç¥Í®³¥hµoªíªº³¡¤À¡A¹ï±Ð¾Ç¡B¾Ç³N¬ã¨sªº³¡¤À¡A¦³«Ü¦h«Ü¦h°Q½×¨ì¡A®×¨Ò¦³«Ü¦h¹ê»Úªº¨Ò¤l¡A§Ṳ́£¥ÎÁ|¨Ò¡C´Nªkªº¼h±¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò¡A¤W½ÒªºÁ¿¸q´NµÛ§@Åv¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A¥L¨ä¹ê¬O¤£ºâªº¡A¦]¬°¥Ø«eªºµÛ§@Åv¥u«OoªíÅvªí¹F¡A¥L¤£«Oî¦Æ[©À¡A©Ò¥H«Ü¦h«ü¾É¦Ñ®v³£áà¡A´N¬OÆ[©À§Úµ¹§A³sÃD¥Ø³£µ¹§A¡A¦ý¬O«Ü®ð¡A¦]¬°µÛ§@Åv¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A¥u«Oí¹F¤£«Oî¦Æ[©À¡A³o¬O«D±`©ú½Tªº¡A¨º§ÚÌ´N·|±Á{è賯±Ð±Âè¤~¤]´£¨ì¡A¤ñ¦p»¡§Ú̦³¨Ò¤l¢w¢wÅ¥§ÚÁ¿¨Ò¤l·|¤ñ¸û©ú½T¤@ÂI¡A¾Ç¥Í·íµM«Ü²M·¡¡AÆ[©À¬O¦Ñ®vµ¹ªº¡A½Ò°ó¤W°Q½×¥X¨Óªº¡A¥L´N¼¶¼g¤F¥h§ë·d¡A§ë·d¡A«á¨Ó´N¼g¤F¤@«Ê«Hµ¹§Ú¡A¥L§i¶D§Ú»¡¡A§Úªº½×¤å¡A¥þ³¡³£¦b½Ò°ó¤W¨ü¦Ñ®vªº±Òµo¡A¦Ñ®v¤@ª½³£¦³¥Îªº¸ê®Æ¡A¤£¹L§Úı±o½×¤å¼gªº¤£¦n¡A©Ò¥H§Ú´N¤£´±§â§Aªº¦W¤l¡A©ñ¦b§Úªº·PÁ¦W³æ¸Ì±¡A¨º·íµM´N¨Ó¤@Ó®v¥ÍÃö«Y¨Ó¡]09:46¡^Á¿ªº¸Ü¡A§Ṳ́£·|¦b·N¡A¥i¬Oªø¤[¥H©¹ªº®ÉÔ¡A³oÓ´N¬O©Ò¿×ªº§Ú·|½Í¨ì¾Ç³NÛ²zªº³oºØÆ[©À¡B³oºØ°ÝÃD¡A·íµM¤]¥]§t³ÕºÓ¤h½×¤åªº³¡¤À¡A«ü¾É¦Ñ®vªº°^Äm¨ì©³¦b¨º¸Ì¡A±Ð¨|³¡³Ì·sªº¤@Ó³W½d¸Ì±´N¬O»¡¡A°£«D«ü¾É±Ð±Â¦³°Ñ»P¼¶¼g¡A¥L´N¬O±qµÛ§@ÅvªkªºÆ[©À¡A±qªí¹Fªº¤è¦¡°Ñ»P¼¶¼g¤~ºâ¡Cµ¹¤FÆ[©À¡Aµ¹¤F¤èªk¡Aµ¹¤Fµ{§Ç¡A³£¤£ºâ¡A©Ò¥H³o¸Ì±´N¬O»¡¦b¹CÀ¸³W«h¤W¡A¨º»ò½T¹ê¬O¦³«Ü¦h¡A¹ê»Ú¤Wn¥h°Q½×ªº®ÉÔ¡A¶Õ¥²¬On¯A¤Î¨ìªº¤@Óªk«ßªº¤@Ó¼h±¡A¦Ñ¤@½ú¾ÇªÌ¦b°µ¬ã¨sªº®ÉÔ¡A¤£¥h¾á¼~³o¤è±ªº°ÝÃD¡AµM«á´N·|µo²{¨ì¦Û¤v«Ü¦hªºµÛ§@Åv³£¤£¨£¤F¡A³£¬y¥¢¤F¡A·íµM³o¸Ì±¤]±µ¨ü¨ì´N¬Oì³Ðªº¨ºÓ´£¥X¨Óªº¤H¡A¥t¥~¤@Ó¬O¹Î¶¤¤§¶¡¡A§Ú̲{¦b³£¥Î¬ã¨s¹Î¶¤ÁÙ¦³§U²z¡]10:51¡^¡A§Ṳ́]¸I¹L¡A´N¬O¥D«ù¤H¸ò§U²z¤§¶¡¡A¨ì©³µÛ§@Åv©Ò¦³ÅvÄÝ©ó½Ö¡A³oÓ°ÝÃD¤]¥X²{¹L¡C ¥t¥~¤@Ó´N¬Oèè¤]´£¨ì´N¬O»¡Â½Z·s¥Zªº°ÝÃD¡A¨ºÂ½Z·s¥Zªº°ÝÃD¡A¥Ø«eÁÙ±Á{¥t¥~¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡A´N¬O©Ò¿×¤£¦P¤å¦rªºÂ½Ä¶½Z°ÝÃD¡A¦]¬°´N¦b¨«°ê»Ú¤Æ¡A·|¨ì°ê¥~¥hµoªí½×¤å¡A¨º°ê¥~ªº½×¤å³W½d¸ò°ê¤ºªº¤£¤@¼Ë¡A¤¤¤å¾Ç¬É¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A°ê¤ºªº½g´T³£¤ñ¸ûªø¤@ÂI¡A°ê¥~¬O¤ñ¸ûµu¤@ÂI¡A©Ò¥H§Ú´N¸I¨ì¤@Ó¦P¾«¡A¥L´N«Ü§xÂZªº°Ý§Ú¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡A¥L¦b¤é¥»µo®i½×¤å¡A¤é¥»¬ã°Q·|µoªí½×¤å¥H«án¥Zµn¡A¥L̨ä¹ê¬O«ö·Ó½ú¥÷¡B¨¤À¨Ó¨M©wµ¹§A¦h¤Ö¦r¡A©Ò¥H¥L´N¥Ñ3000¦r¡AºCºC¼W¥[¨ì²{¦b¤w¸g¦³5000¦r¡A¨º5000¦r¤w¸g¦³«Ü¤jªº¶i¨B¤F¡A¥i¬O´N³o5000¦r´N¤@Ó°ÝÃDªº½×z§¹¾ã¤¤¬O¤£°÷ªº¡A©Ò¥H¥L¤S±q·s¥Î¬Û¦Pªº¸ê®Æ¼g¤F¤@Ó§ó²M·¡¡B§¹¾ãªº¤@¨â¸U¦rªº½×¤å¡A¦b¤Éµ¥ªº»Ý¨D¸Ì±¡A³o¨â½g°²¦p¦P®ÉÂ\¤W¨Óªº¸Ü¡A¨S¦³ª`·N´N¨S¦³ª`·N¨ì¡A¦³ª`·Nªº¤H´N·|ª`·N¨ì¥L¬O©Ò¿×ªº¦Û§Ú§Ûŧªº°ÝÃD¡A´N·|³Q«ü¥X¨Ó¡C§Ṳ́]´¿¸g¬Ý¨ì¹L³o¼Ëªº¤@Ó¨Ò¤l¡A¥L¦b¤j³°µoªí¡A½g´T¤ñ¸ûµu¡A§ï¼g¤§«á¡A¦¨¬°§¹¾ãªº½×¤å¡A¦]¬°¤H®aªº¬ã°Q·|n¨D½×¤å¶°¡]12:31¡^¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¼f¬d©eû´N«ü¥X¡A¥Lªº½×¤å¡A¬O¦Û¤v§Ûŧ¦Û¤vªº²{¶H¡A³o¤S¬O¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡A¦p¦ó¥h½×Â_¡H³£·|¬O¤£Â_¦al¥Í¡C¨º¥t¥~´N¬Op¹º¸ò½×¤å¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¡Ap¹º¼gªº½×¤å¡A¦³ªº®ÉÔ¡A¦P¤@Óp¹º¡A¤£¤@©w¦V¦P¤@Ó³æ¦ì¥h¥Ó½Ð¡A¥HP©ó»¡¡A³oӽפ媺ÂkÄݨ쩳¦b¨ºÓp¹º¸Ì±[¡AÁÙ¬O¦Û¤v¿W¥ßªº]¡H³oÓ°ÝÃD¡A¹ê»Ú¤W¤]¥X²{¤F¡A§Ṳ́]¸I¨ì¹L¡C §Ú¦]¬°¦³¾÷·|¬Ý¨ì¹L¤ñ¸û¦hªº[¹H¤Ï¾Ç³NÛ²z]¹ê»Ú¥i¥H´£¥X¨Ó°Q½×ªº®×¨Ò¡A©Ò¥H§Ú·|Âk¯Ç¥X¡A¤jÅé¤W¨ÓÁ¿¡A¦³³o´XÓ°ÝÃD¡A·|´£¥X¨Ó°Q½×ªº¡C ±µ¤U¨Ó²Ä¤G³¡¤À¡A§Ún½Íªº¬O»{©wªº°ÝÃD¡C¦³¤H´£¥X¨Ó¬O´£¥X¨Ó¡A¦p¦ó»{©w¡H½Ö¨Ó»{©w¡H¨º»{©wªº¨Ì¾Ú¨ì©³¬O¤°»ò¡H¨º¬O²Ä¤G³¡¤À§ÚÌn½Íªº¡C°ò¥»¤W¡A»{©w¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A§Ûŧ¬O«D±`©ú½Tªº¤@ºØ¶ÑÅѪº¦æ¬°¡A¬O¤£³Q¤¹³\ªº¡C¾Ç³N³W½dªº³¡¥÷¡A¦³©Ò¿×ªº¥¢§Ç¡]13¡¦43¡^ªº°ÝÃD¡A¾Ç³NÛ²zªº³¡¤À¦³·å²«ªº°ÝÃD¡C¤ñ¦p»¡¦b¥Îµü¤W´N·|°µ¤@ӰϤÀ¡A°ò¥»¤WÁÙ¨S¦³¨ì§Ûŧªº³¡¥÷¡A¦ý¬O¦b¾Ç³NÛ²z¤W¤£µL·å²«¡A©Î¬O»¡©úÅã¬O¦³·å²«ªº¡C¨Ì¾Ú³o¤£¦Pªº±¡ªp¡A´N·|¦³¤£¦Pªº³B²z¼Ò¦¡©Î³B²zì«h¡C¨º¦b³o¸Ì±¦³Ãö»{©wªº³¡¥÷¡A²Ä¤@Ó¬O¦³·NÁÙ¬OµL·N¡A¦³·Nªº¸Ü¬OÄÝ©ó³y°²ªº¡A¨º»ò¯Ê¥F¾Ç³N§e²{ªºì«h³o³¡¥÷¡A¬O©ú½Tªº¡CµL·Nªº¸Ü¡A¤j·§¦³¤@ºØ¬O¤£¼ô±x³W½d¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ó»¡³W½d¨ä¹ê¤]¬O¤£©ú½T¡A³W½d¤]¤@ª½¦bÅܤơA¤£¦Pªº»â°ì¦³¤£¦Pªº³W½d¡A§Y¨Ï¬O¦P¤@Ó»â°ìªº¸Ü¡A¤£¦PªºI´º¤]¦³¤£¦Pªº³W½d¡A¤£¦Pªº®É´Á¤]¦³¤£¦Pªº³W½d¡A³o¸Ì±¦]¬°¤£¼ô±x¡A»~½ò¤F¬õ½u¡C ¥t¥~¤]¦³¤@ºØ¡A´N¤¤¤å¾Ç¬É¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A¬O¤£¦b¥G¾Ç³N³W½d¡C§Ú¤@¦V¬O³o¼Ë¤l³Q°V½m¥X¨Óªº¡A§Úªº¦Ñ®v¤]¬O³o¼Ë¤l¡C¨º¬O¤@ºØ©µÄò©Ê¡A´N¤£À³¸Ó¦¨¬°°ÝÃD¡A¦b¥L¨ÓÁ¿¤£À³¸Ó¬O¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡C¦b§Ú̳oÓ¦~¥Nªº¾ÇªÌ¸Ì±¡A·|¤ñ¸û§ó¨¯Wªºn¥h¤F¸Ñ¨ì§ÚÌ·íªì¾Çªº¬O¤@®M¡A¨«¹L¬Y¤@Ó¶¥¬q¬O¤@®M¡C¨ì¤F³Ìªñªº¬Y¤@Ó¶¥¬q¡A·|n¨D¤ñ¸ûÄYÂÔªº¤åÄm¦^ÅUªº³o¤@³¡¤À¡A¤ñ¸û·sªº¡A¹³§d±Ð±Â©Ò½Íªº¡A·|¤ñ¸û¦b·N¤@Å馡¡B´£°Ý¦¡ªº³oÓ³W½d¡A³o¨âªÌ¨ä¹ê¤]¤£¤@¼Ë¡C³o¸Ì±·N«ä¬O»¡¤£¼ô±x©Î¬O¯¥Í¾Ç³N³W½d¡A³y¦¨ªº»~½ò¬õ½u¡A¾ÇªÌ«Ü§V¤O«Ü»{¯u¡C¦]¦¹¡AnIt³o¼Ë¤lªº³±¼v¡A¯S§O¬O¦³¾ÇªÌ«Ü¦b¥G¡A¥HP©ó¦]¦¹¡A§ÚÅ¥¹L´XÓ¨Ò¤l¡A³y¦¨¤F¦³¤@ÂIºë¯«¤W¡A¤D¦Ü©ó¦Û¼É¦Û±ó¡C§Úı±o«D±`¥i±¤¡C³o¤@³¡¤ÀÀ³¸Ón«Ü©ú½Tªº¥h¹º¤À¡A´N¬O¦³¥Ç·N¸òµL¥Ç·Nªº³¡¥÷¤À¶}¨Ó³B²z¡C¸Ì±·íµM¦³¤@¨Ç¥i°Q½×ªºªÅ¶¡¡A¦]¬°¨ì©³¦³¥Ç·N¡BµL¥Ç·N³o¬O¤@Ó¥DÆ[ªº»{©w¡A°Q½×ªºªÅ¶¡¨ì©³¦bþ¸Ì¡H§Ú¤]¨Ì¾Ú¤u§@§{µ¹§Úªº¸ê®Æ¡A¹Á¸Õ±q³oÓ¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A²Ä¤@Ó´N¬Oè½Í¨ìªº¸ê®Æªº°ÝÃD¡A¤å¥»ªº°ÝÃD¡A¤å¥»¸Ì±¥i¤£¥i¥H¡e±q¤£¦P¨¤«×¡f«½Æ³Q¡]16¡¦32¡^¤Þ¥Î¡H´N¯A¤Î¨ì¦P¤@Ӥ奻·|¦³¤£¦Pªº¸àÄÀ¡A©Î¬O·|¦³¤£¦Pªº²Õ¦X´N§e²{¤£¦Pªº·N¸q¡A¨ì©³¥i¤£¥i¥H¡H°²¦pn¦u¦í¤å¥»©Ò¿×ªºµo²{¡A¤£ã¤H®a¥h¤Þ¥Îªº®ÉÔ¡A¨º´N·|¯A¤Î¨ì¡A³oÓµo²{¬O«Ü¥i±¤ªº¡A¥¦¨S¦³µo´§À³¦³ªº·N¸q¡AÀ³¦³ªº»ùÈ¡C©Ò¥H¤å¥»¥»¨ªº¤£¦P¸àÄÀ¡A¬Û¦Pªº¤å¥»¤£¦Pªº¸àÄÀ¤£¦Pªº²Õ¦X¡A¨ì©³n¤£nºc¦¨³Q½èºÃ¡A¨ººØÄY«©Ê¨ì©³¦bþ¸Ì¡H¨º¥t¥~¤@Ó´N¬O¤Þ¤åªº³¡¥÷¡A¤Þ¤åªº³¡¥÷¤j·§´N¯A¤Î¨ì¤åÄm¦^ÅU©M¤ÀªRªº³¡¥÷¡A§ÚèÅ¥Ä_³¦©ÒÁ¿ªº¡A´¿¸g¦³¤@Ó¤åÄm¦^ÅUªº³¡¤À³Q§P©w§Ûŧ¡A³o¸Ì±¨ä¹ê´N«ÜÀYµhªº°ÝÃD¡A¨ä¹ê¬O§Þ³N©Êªº°ÝÃD¡A¥]§t¤Þ¥Î¤Þz©Mµûij¡A³Q¤Þ¥Îªº®ÉÔ¡A¦³®ÉÔ¥¼¥²¬O´c·Nªº¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ó»¡¥L¬Oµ½·Nªº¡A¤ñ¦p»¡®v¥Í¤§¶¡¡A¦~»´¾ÇªÌ¦b°µ¬ã¨sªº®ÉÔ¡A¬O«D±`ªº´L«®vªù¡A¤j¶qªº¤Þ¥Î®vªùªºªF¦è¡A¨ä¥Lªº´N¬G·Nªººzµø¸ò¤£¤Þ¥Î¡A©ÎªÌ»¡¹ê»Ú¤W¤]¨S¦³¼sªxªº¾\ŪÂsÄý¡A¥H¦Ü©ó»¡´N¨S¦³¤Þ¥Î¡A¤Þ¥Î®vªù¨ÓÁ¿¡A¥L·|«Ü²ßºDªº¤j¶qªº¤Þ¥Î¡A¤@¯ëªº§PÂ_¨ÓÁ¿¡A·¥¥i¯à¬O½ò¬õ½uªº¡A¥i¬O´N¦Ñ®v¨ÓÁ¿¡A¦Ñ®vÁ¿ªº¸Ü³Q¦Û¤vªº¾Ç¥Í¤Þ¥Î¡A¤]¤£·|Á¿¤°»ò¸Ü¡A¤]¤£·|¥X²{°ÝÃD¡C³y¦¨¤@¼Ëªº¤Þ¥Î¡A·|¦³¤£¦Pªºµ²ªG¡A¤£¦Pªº§PÂ_¡C³o¸Ì¤]¯A¤Î¨ì§ÚÌè°Q½×ªº¤Þ¥Îªº§ðÀ»¡A¦³ªº®ÉÔ¡A¤Þ¥Î¥u¬O¬°¤F¥h§_©w§O¤H¨Ó¬ðÅã¦Û¤v¦Ó¤w¡A¨º¬O¤@Ó»~¥Î¡A»~¥Îªº®ÉÔ¥L©Ò¸`¿ýªº¨º¤@³¡¥÷¡Aè¦n¤£¬Oì§@ªº¥Dn·N¸q©Ò¦b¡A¤]·|³y¦¨¤@Óª§Ä³©Ê¡C¥t¥~¤@Ó¡A¥]¬A²{¦bªº¾Ç³N¬É¸Ì±¡A°£¤FÁ¿¨s½×¤åªºµoªí¶q¥H¥~¡A¤]·|IJ¤Î¨ì§A³Q¤Þ¥Îªº¦¸¼Æ¡C©Ò¥H³Q¤Þ¥Î§Î¦¨¬O¤@Ó¥¿±ªº¡C©ÎªÌ»¡è©Ò´£¨ìªº²Ä¤@¤â¤Þ¥Îªº¸ê®Æ¡A³Q¤G¦¸¤Þ¥Î¡B¤T¦¸¤Þ¥Î¡B¦h¦¸¤Þ¥Îªº°ÝÃD¡A³o´N¯A¤Î¨ìì¨åì³Ð§@ªº¾\Ū²ßºD¡A«Ü¦h³£¬OŪ¤F´X½g½×¤å´N¥h«þ¨©²Õ¸Ë¡A´N§¹¦¨¤F¡A¾Ç³N¤W¦p¦ó¥h½×©w¡H©ÎªÌ¥L«Ü¦³§Þ¥©ªº¥hÁ×¶}«Ü¦hªº°ÝÃD¡A¤]¦³¥i¯à¥L¬O¥i¥H¦s¦b¡A³Q±µ¨ü¡C³o¸Ì±³Ì·sªº¤åÄm¡A©Î¬O»¡¨å½d¦¡ªº¤åÄm¡A¦b±Ð¾Ç¤W±`·|¦³³o¼Ëªº§xÂZ¡C²z½×¬O³Ì·sªº¡A¥i¬O³Ì·sªº¤£¨£±o¬O³Ì¦nªº¡A¦³«Ü¦h«Ü¦n«Ü¤[ªº¡A¨ä¹ê«Ü¦nªº½×¤å´N¦]¬°¥Ø«eªº¾Ç³N¶É¦V¥H³Ì·s¨Ó¦Ò¼{¡A´N³Q¿ò§Ñ±¼¡A¨ººØ¾Ç²ß©µÄò©Êªº¤]´NÂ_µõ¡A§Úı±o¨º¬O«Ü¥i±¤ªº¨Æ±¡¡C¤åÄm¤Þ¥Îªºn¨D¬O§¹¾ã©Êªº¡A´N·|¬Ý¨ì¤@¤j°ï§Û¦C¥X¨Ó¡A¥i¯à·|¦³§Ûŧªº°ÝÃD¡A¦ý¬O¦³¤@¤j°ï³£¥u¬O§@ªÌ¡B½g¦W¡Bµoªí³Bªº³¡¥÷¡A´N½×¤åªº¼¶¼g¨ÓÁ¿¡A¨ì©³¦³¨S¦³·N¸q¡A¨º¤S¬O¥t¥~¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡C¤Þ¤åªº®æ¦¡¤]¦³«Ü¦h¤£¦Pªº¬£§O¡B¼Ò¦¡¡A³o¤S¬O¥t¥~¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡C ²Ä¤TÓ¤u§@§{µ¹ªº©Ò¿×¥DÃDªº°ÝÃD¡A¥DÃD°ÝÃD¸Ì±·|¦³«Ü¦nªºÃD¥Ø¡A³oºØ±¡ªp©³¤U§A·|«Ü§Æ±æ°w¹ï³oÓ¥DÃDµ¹¤©¥L¤ñ¸û§óºë½Tªº§ó¦nµo´§¡A§Ṳ́]¬Ý¨ì¹L¦P¤@ӮɴÁ¸Ì±¡A¦³¦n¦h½g¦n¦h¥»¬Û¦Pªº²z½×¬Û¦Pªº¥DÃD¡AÃþ¦ü³o¼Ëªº±¡ªp¡A¯S§O¦b¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¤W¯S§O¬O±`¨£ªº¡A¦p¦ó¥hnÁ×§K«½Æ¨ä¹ê¬O«ÜÃøªº¡A³o¤S¬O¥t¥~¤@³¡¥÷ªº°ÝÃD¡C ©³¤U¥i°Q½×ªºªÅ¶¡¸Ì±¡A§Ún½Í¨ìªº¥i¥H«ä¦Òªº¬O¦X²z©Êªº°ÝÃD¡A¤Þ¤å®æ¦¡ªº³W½d¸Ì±¨ä¹ê¬O«Ü¤£©ú½T¡A§Ú«Ü§V¤O·Q¤Wºô¥h§ä¡A©Ò¿×³W½d¨ì©³¦bþ¸Ì¡H³o´N¯A¤Î¨ì¹ê»Ú¤W§Ú¦bºô¸ô¤W¬Ý¤£¨ì¡A¦ý¬OÓ§Oªº§ÚÅ¥¨ìÂàzªº³¡¥÷¡A¦³¤H´NÁ¿»¡¤å¦r¬Û¦P¤Q¤C¦r¥H¤W´Nºâ§Ûŧ¡C¨º¦³¤HÁ¿»¡¶¡±µ¤Þ¥Î¤£¯à¶W¹L¬O¥|¤QÓ¦r¡Aµ´¹ï¤Þ¥Îªº¸Ü¡A°²¦p¶W¹L¤¦Ê¦r´Nn¼x¨Dì§@ªÌªº¦P·N¡C³o¸Ì³£¦³¤@Óª¬ªp¡A©Ò¿×ªºª½±µ¤Þ¥Î¶W¹L¤¦Ê¦r¡An¼x¸ß§@ªÌ¦P·N¡A³o¬OµÛ§@Åvªk¡A¨º¬O¤ñ¸û©ú½Tªº¡C¥i¬O°ÝÃD¦b§Ú̦b¼¶¼g¾Ç³N½×¤åªº®ÉÔ¡A¤£·|¥ý¥h§âµÛ§@ÅvªkŪ¤@Ū¹À¡I³o´N¯A¤Î¨ì·s¤å¾Ç¡A³o¬O©ú¤Ñ·|½Íªº¡A·s¤å¾Ç³o³¡¥÷´N«Ü¦h¡C¦P¼Ëªº¡A°²¦p§Ú̳oÓ³¡¤À³QÂX¤j¨Ó¤Þ¥Îªº¸Ü¡A§Ú̪½±µ¤Þ¥Î¬Y¤@Ó¡A¤ñ¦p»¡§õ±Ð±Âªº½×ÃÒ¡A§Úı±oÁ¿ªº«Ü²M·¡¡A¸Ì±¤Þ¥Î¶W¹L¤F¤¦Ê¦r¡A§A´N¥i¥H´£¥X§Ú¦³¯A¤Î§Ûŧªº°ÝÃD¡C³o¤@³¡¥÷¦b»{©w¤W·|¤£Â_¦³°ÝÃD¥X²{¡A³o¸Ì±´N·|¯A¤Î¨ì½g´Tªº°ÝÃD¡A´N¬O½×¤åªº½g´T¡An¦hªø¡Hªøµu¡A¤]·|¹ï¾Ç³N³W½d¦³¤£¦Pªºn¨D¡A¤ñ¦p»¡§Úè´£¨ì¤Þ¥Î¶W¹L¤Q¤CÓ¦r´Nºâ§Ûŧ¡A³o¬O²z¤u¬ì´£¥X¨Óªº¡A²z¤u¬ì¤ñ¸ûµÛ«¦bµ²½×¦¡ªº¼¶¼g³ø§i¡A©Ò¥H½g´T¤£¬O«Üªø¡C¥i¬O´N¤H¤å¾Ç¬ì¡A¯S§O¬O¤¤¤å¾Ç¬É¸Ì±¡A´N·|n¨D¤ñ¸û§¹¾ãªº¤@Ó½×z¡A§¹¾ãªº¤@Ó¸ê®Æªº§e²{¡C§Úªº¾Ç³N½×¤å¸Ì±¡A¨ì©³¬On§e²{¥¦ªº§¹¾ã©Ê¡HÁÙ¬O§e²{¥¦ªº³Ð¨£¡H³o¨ä¹ê¬O¤£¤@¼Ëªº¡C ¨C¦¸¨ì¤F¤¤ë¥÷ªº®ÉÔ¡A¨t¤W³£·|«Ü¹Ã¡A¨C¦¸¾Ç®Õ¦b³ø¦Òªº®É«á¡A²z¤u¬ìªº³ø¦Ò¸ê®Æ³£¥u¦³¤@ÂIÂI¡A¤å¾Ç°|³£n³o¸ÌªÅ¥X¦n¤j¤@ӪŶ¡¨Ó©ñ¡A¦]¬°§ÚÌn¨D§¹¾ã©Ê¡A©Ò¥H¨ºÃä¤@°ï¬ö¿ý´N¶Ì²´¡C§Ų́CÓ¤H¬Ý±o¨â²´µo©ü³á¡I³oÓ±¡ªp¬O¤£¬O§Ú̦ۤvn¥hÀ˰Qªº¡C·í§Ú̱Á{¨ì¦³¤H§Ûŧªº®ÉÔ¡A§Úªº½×¤å¬O¤£¬O¥i¥H¤£n±j½Õ§¹¾ã©Ê¡A§Ú±j½Õ³Ð·N©Ê¡A³o¸Ì±¤]¯A¤Î¨ì§Ú̦ۤv¥»¨ªº½d¨Ò¸Ì±¡A¤Éµ¥¨ì©³¬On³æ½g½×¤å´N¥i¥H¤F¡AÁÙ¬On¦¨®Ñªº±M®Ñ¡H´N¤¤¤å¾Ç¬É¨ÓÁ¿¡A«Üº©ªøªº®É¶¡¡A¤Éµ¥³Qn¨Dn±M®Ñ¡A±M®Ñªº¸Ü¡A¤£¥iÁ×§Kªºn¯A¤Î¨ì«Ü¦h«Ü¦hªº¸ê®Æ¡]24¡¦35¡^¡C²z¤u¬ì¥LÌn¨â½g¥H¤W¡A¨â½g¥H¤W´N¥i¥H¡C¨º§ÚÌ´N¸I¨ì»¡¡A¤H¤å¤è±¤]´£¨â½gªº½×¤å¡A¥~¼f¤]¹L¤F¡A¦ý´N¬O³Q§P©w¤£¥i¥H¡C³o¤è±¬O¦³ª§Ä³©Êªº¡C¥Ø«e¦UÓ¤£¦Pªº»â°ì³W½d¤£¤@¼Ë¡A¤H¤åªÀ·|¤è±¨ÓÁ¿¡A§Ú©Ò¬Ý¨ìªºªÀ·|¬ì¾ÇÃþ¤w¸g©¹²z¤u¬ì¾aÃl¤F¡C¥L̶ɦVµuµuªº¤¤»¤d¦r¡B¤C¤K¤d¦r¡A¤@¸U¥XÀY¡C¨â½g´N¥i¥H¤Éµ¥¡C¥i¬O§ÚÌÁÙ¬O³Qn¨D¡C©Ò¥H«Ü¦h¤¤¤å¾Ç¬Éªº¦~»´ªB¤Í¡A¯S§O¬O¦³°ê¥~¾Ç²ßI´º¦^¨Óªº¡A±¹ï³o¤@ÂI¡A¤@ª½³£«ÜW´e¡C¥L̦³³Ð¨£¡A¥i¬O¤Éµ¥ªº®ÉÔ¬O³Q¯Ç¤J¶Ç²Îªº±¡¹Ò¸Ì±¥h¼f¬d¡A³o¸Ì±³£·|¦³¤@¨Çª§Ä³¡C ©Ò¦³ªº»{ª¾¸Ì±³£·|¯A¤Î¨ì±M·~¼f¬d¡A¤£ºÞ¬O´Á¥Z¡B¤£ºÞ¬O¤Éµ¥¡B¤£ºÞ¬Opµe¡A³£¬O±M·~¼f¬d¡C±M·~¼f¬d¾ãÓI´ºªº»{ª¾¹ï©óµ²ªGªº®t§O«Ü¤j¡C§ÚÌ·|¬Ý¨ì«Ü¦h³Q´£¥X¨Ó°Q½×ªºcase¡A¥i¬O¹ê»Ú¤W¤ñ¥L§óÄY«ªº¤Ó¦h¤F¡A³£¤£¬O¡C©Ò¥H¨Ã¤£¬O»¡¡A±M·~¼f¬dªÌªºI´º¸ò»{ª¾©Ò²£¥Íªº¸¨®t¡A¦P¼Ëªº¤@Ó§@«~¸Ì±¡A¤£¦Pªº¼f¬d¤H¡A¦³¤H»{©w¬O§Ûŧ¡A¦³¤H»{©w¤£¬O¡C¦³¤H»{©w¹H¤Ï¾Ç³NÛ²z¡A¦³¤H»{©w¤£¬O¡A´N³y¦¨¥L̵û¤Àªº®t¶Z«D±`«D±`ªº¤j¡C³o¬O¤@Ó¡C ²Ä¤TÓn½Í¨ìªº¬Oµ{§Ç¡A´N¬O§ÚÌn½Í¾Ç³NÛ²z½Í§Ûŧ¡A³o¨Ç³£¬O«ÜÄY«ªº°ÝÃD¡C¤@Ó¼f¬d©eû´£¥X¥L¬O§Ûŧ¡A¨ì©³¯à¤£¯à´Nºâ¡AÁÙ¬On¸g¹L¤°»ò¼Ëªº¤@Óµ{§Ç¡H¥Ø«e§Ú̩Ҩ̾ڪº¡A¤j·§´NÄÝ©ó¤j±M±Ð®vµÛ§@§Ûŧ³B²znÂIªº¨º³¡¥÷¡C¦³¤@ӫܦ³·N«äªº¤@ÂI¡A¥¦ªº§Ûŧªº¦¨¥ß¡A¥ý¨M±ø¥ó¥²»Ýn¦³ÀËÁ|¤H¡A´N¦³¹L«Ü¦h¦b¼f¬d³Q´£¥X¨Ó¬O§Ûŧ¡A³Ì«á¬O¤£¤F¤F¤§ªº¡C³»¦h´N¬O¨S¦³³q¹L´N¬O¤F¡C³o¸Ì±¦b©ó§Ûŧn¦³ÀËÁ|¤H¡A§Ṳ́]³z¹L°Q½×¡A¨ì³Ì«á´N³Q½èºÃ¦³¨S¦³ÀËÁ|¤H¡H¨S¦³¡A¨S¦³´N¤£¦¨¥ß¡C©Ò¥H©ú©ú¬Ý¥X¨Ó½T¹ê¬O¦³§Ûŧªº¨Æ¹ê¦s¦b¡A¥i¬OÁÙ¬O´Nµ²§ô¤F¡C©Ò¥HÅܦ¨³o¸Ì±¥H¥Ø«e§Ú©Ò¬Ý±o¤ñ¸ûÄYÂÔªº¡A¤j·§¬O±Ð¨|³¡ªº¾Ç¼f·|¡C±Ð¨|³¡ªº¾Ç¼f·|´N«D±`©ú½Tªºq©w¥X¨Ó¡A¤Z¬O¼f¬d·N¨£Â\¦b¸Ì±¡A¦³¥ô¦ó¤@Ó©eû´£¥X¦b§Ûŧ©Î¬O¹H¤Ï¾Ç³NÛ²z¤W±¥´¤Äªº¸Ü¡A¥LÌ´N·|¥h³B²z¡C³B²zªº¼Ò¦¡¬O°eµ¹ì¤TÓ¼f¬d¤H¡A§P©w¥L¨ì©³¦³¨S¦³¡C°£¤F¤TÓì¼f¬d¤H¤§¥~¡AÁÙn°e¨â¦ì³oÓ»â°ìªº±M®a¾ÇªÌ¨Ó°w¹ï³oÓµÛ§@¨Ó¦A§@¤@¦¸¼f¬d¡CÁ`¦@¬O¤¦ì¡C¨º¤¦ì¼f¬d¤§«á¡A¦A¦³¤@Ó±Mªùªº©eû¨Ó¼fÅç¡A½T©w¬O¡A¨º´N¦¨¥ß¤F¡C¦¨¥ß¥H«á´N°µ¥X³B¸m¡A¦P®É´N·|³qª¾¦UӾǮաA³o¬O¥Ø«e¦b³B²zªº³¡¥÷¡A¤ñ¸û©ú½Tªº¤@ÂI¡C°ê¬ì·|·|¹J¨ìÆZ¦hªº¡A¦ý¬O¤Q´XÓcase¡A®£©È¨S´XÓ²M·¡ªº¡C³o¸Ì±n¥h°µ§P©wªº®ÉÔ¡A°ò¥»¤W¨ÓÁ¿¡A³£n¦³ªk³Wªº³B²z¡A¯S§O§Ûŧ®×¡A¥i¯à¯A¤Î¨ì±Ð®vªº¤u§@Åv¡A¥]§t¤Éµ¥Åv¡A¤]¥]§tÄ~Äò¥Ó½ÐpµeªºÅv§Q¡C¥Ø«eªºªk³W¡A§Ú̪º½T¦bºô¸ô¤W¤½¶}§ä¨ì¡A¤j·§´N¬OµÛ§@Åvªk¡AµÛ§@Åvªk§Úèèµy·L´£¨ì¡A¥t¥~¤@Ó´N¬OÄÝ©ó¤j±M±Ð®v±Ð¾Ç³B²zì«h¡C¸I¨ì§Ûŧ®×¥ó¡A¥]§t¾Ç³N¾Ç³øªº¼f¬d¡A³»¦h´N¬O¤£µn´N¬O¤F¡C°ò¥»¤W¨ÓÁ¿³£¤£·|°µ¶i¤@¨Bªº³B²z¡C¥H°ê¬ì·|®×ªº¥Zª«¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A¥i¯à¤ñ¸ûÄYÂÔ¡A·|³qª¾§@ªÌ¡A³qª¾¾Ç®Õ³æ¦ì¡A¦b¬YºØµ{«×¤W¡A·|¦³À~ªýªº§@¥Î¡C§Ú̪º§Ûŧ¡B¹H¤Ï¾Ç³NÛ²zªº®×¥ó¡A¦]¬°³Q´£¨ìªº¤ñ¸û¤Ö¡A¥H¦Ü©ó»¡¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥H¹w¦ô³o¼Ëªº®×¥ó·|·U¨Ó¶V¦h¡C³Ìªñ¤]½T¹ê¬Ý¨ì·U¨Ó·U¦hªº±¡ªp¡C°²¦p¦³©ú½Tªº³B²z¼Ò¦¡¥X¨Ó¡A°²¦p»¡´Á¥Z¼f¬d¦³¡A´N³qª¾·í¨Æ¤H¡A·í¨Æ¤HªA°Èªº¾Ç®Õ¡A¨º·íµM´N¤ñ¸ûÄY«¡A¤]´N¯A¤Î¨ì§Ṳ́ɾEªº°ÝÃD¤F¡C³o¸Ì±¥i¯à·|·U¨Ó¶V¤£Â_³Q°Q½×ªºÄ³ÃD¡A¦ý¬O¦p¦ó¥h°µ½×©w¡A½Ö¯à°µ½×©w¡A½×©w¤F¥H«á¡A¤½¥©Êªº¤@Ó´¶¹M³Q±µ¯Ç¡A¥h°µÀ˰Q¡A¥i¯à³£¬On¶i¤@¨B°Q½×ªº¡C ³o¸Ì¤]¦^À³¤@¤Uè©Ò½Í¨ìªº½sÄ¡ªº³¡¥÷¡A¨ì©³¯à¤£¯à¦¨¬°¾Ç³N½×µÛ¡C½sÄ¡¨ä¹ê¬O«Ü¨¯Wªº¤u§@¡A§A¤£Â_§@¡A§@¤F¥H«á¤£¯à¦¨¬°¾Ç³N½×µÛ¡A¨ä¹ê¬OÆZ¶Ë®`ªº¡C¥Ø«e¦³¤@Ó·sªºÁͶաA§Ú¬Ý¨ì¦³¤@¨Ç¾Ç³N½×µÛ½s¥X¨Ó¤]¥i¥H´£¥X¨Ó§A½sÄ¡ªºµo²{µ¥µ¥¡A¥L¤]¥i¥H±µ¯Ç§A¦¨¬°¤@ӾdzN½×µÛ¡C±Ôzªº¸Ü¡A»y¨¥¤å¦rªº¬Û¦P¡A·|Åý¤H®a·Pı¦n¹³¤£Â_¤j´T«×ªº«½Æ¡A¥i¬O§Ṳ́]¬Ý¨ì¦b±Ôzªº³¡¥÷¡A¥L¹Á¸Õ¥Î¦Û¤vªº»y¨¥¡A§Î¦¨¦Û§Ú½×z»y·Jªº¨t²Î¡C¥i¬O¥L³Q½èºÃ¡C§AÆ[©À¨º»ò¤£¿ù¡A¬°¤°»òn¼g¨º»ò¿W¯Sªº»y¨¥¡AÅý§Ú̾\Ū¤Wı±o«Ü¨¯W¡H´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¦^À³³¯±Ð±Â©ÒÁ¿ªº¡A¦b¾Ç³N¬ã¨sªº³o±ø¸ô¤W¡A¨ä¹êÁÙ¦³¤@ÂI´N¬O»Ýn«i´±¡A§An³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡A§A´N¯A¤Î¨ì¬D¾Ô¬J¦³¼f¬dªº±µ¨ü¨î«×¡A¨ºn«i´±¡C¦b³o«i´±ªº¹Lµ{¤§¤¤¡A·|¨ü¨ì¤£¤Öªº®À§é¡A³o¦P®É¤]¬O§ÚÌ»Ýn¥h±¹ïªº°ÝÃD¡A¶È´N³o¼Ëªº¤@Ó³ø§i¡A½Ð¤j®aªº«ü±Ð¡AÁÂÁ¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^³o¾ã²z±o«D±`ªº¸Ô²Ó¡A§Ú·Q³oÓ¦¿±Ð±Â¦o¬O¨ü©e°U¿ì³o¦¸¡A¥Dnªº¥Øªº¡An§âÃþ¦ü¹³¦¿±Ð±Â¾ã²z¡eªº¡f³o¼Ë¤@ÓªF¦è¡Aµ¥©ó¬O¤½§i¡A¤£ºÞ¥ÎÓ¤Hºô¸ô©Î¤½§i©Pª¾¡A§A©Ò´£¨ìªº³o¨Ç°ÝÃD¡A¦pªG¬O¶Ç»¼¥X¥hªº¸Ü¡A¥i¯à¦bºô¯¸¤W¡A®v¥Í³£·|°Ñ»P¡A¦]¬°³o¸Ì±¦³«Ü¦hèèÁ¿ªº¦Ç¦â¦a±a¡A¤]³\³oÂç²M¤@¤U´N¤£¬OÃa¨Æ±¡¡A§Ú¬Ý§Ú̯ण¯à´N¤@°_¹ï¬F©²Á|ÃÒ¡C §ÚÌèèÁ¿ªº¡A¨ä¹ê¦b»OÆW¥Ø«eªº¾ú¥v¾Ç¬É¤j·§¬O¤@¼Ëªº¡A¦]¬°¥Lèè½Íªº¡A°ò¥»¤W¬O¤¤¤å¾Ç³N¬Éªº¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¤å¾Çªº³Ð§@¨º¤è±¡A©Ò¥H°ò¥»¤W¬O¤@¼Ëªº¡A©Ò¥H¬Ý°_¨Ó¦¿±Ð±Â¨ºÓªF¦è¨ä¹ê¬O§â¤¤¤å¨º¨âÓ¦r®³±¼¤F¡A´«¦¨¾ú¥v¤j·§¤]§Ú·Q®t¤£¦h¡C °ò¥»¤W¡A§Ú̬O¦b¬Û¦Pªº¾Ç³N¶Ç²Î¸Ì±¡A¤å¾Ç°|ÁÙ¬O¬Û®tªº¤£¦h¡A¤ñ¸û¤£¤@¼Ëªº¥i¯à¬O¥~¤å¡A§Ṳ́£À´¡A¥t¥~¤@Ó¹³¥x¤j¡A¤HÃþ¾Ç¥i¯à¤ñ¸û±Mªù¡A¥x¤j¹³¹Ï®ÑÀ]¾Ç¨t¡A¥¦¤ñ¸û¤£¤@¼Ë¡An¤£µMªº¸Ü¡A§Ú·Q¤å¥võ³£®t¤£¦h³£¤j·§Ãþ¦ü¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¦¿±Ð±Â¡A§A¤W¦¸´£¨ìÃö©ó±Ð±Â¤W½Ò«ü¾É¾Ç¥Í©Îpµe¸Ì±¡A¨ºÓ²Ä¤@±¾¦W¡B²Ä¤G±¾¦W¡A§Aı±o¦pªG©ñ¦b³oÓ°Q½×¤W¡AnÅý¤j®a¦p¦ó¥h°Ñ¥[°Q½×¡H ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¨ä¹êèèProfessor Rollins¥L´£¨ì¤@Ó¡A´N¬O»¡team work°ÝÃD¡A ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¦pªG¦b¤¤¤åªº¸Ü¡H ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¦pªG¤H¤å¾Ç¡A¹ªÀyÓ¤Hªºì³Ð©Ê¡A¹ï©ó¹³¬ì¾Çªº¦@¾÷Åé¦X§@¡A¦n¹³¤ñ¸û¨S¦³¥hª`·N¨ì¡A¦Ó¥Bı±o¨º¼Ëªºì³Ð©Ê¤£°÷°ª¡A³£µ¹«Ü¤Öªºcredit¡C¹³§Ú¸òBart±`¦X§@¡A§Ú̪º½×¤å¡A§Ú¬O²Ä¤@§@ªÌ¡A¥i¬O§Ú¥i¯à´N¬O¡u¤»¡v³o¼Ë¤l¡A¥i¬O¥L´NÅܦ¨¡u¥|¡v³o¼Ë¤l¡A§AÀ´§Úªº·N«ä¶Ü¡H¥i¬O¨ä¹ê§Úı±o¯S§O¦b»OÆW¾Ç¬É¡A§Ú̳£«Ü°l¨D°ê»Ú¤Æ¡A©Ò¥H³oºØ¦X§@´N«Ü¥²n¡A¦]¬°´N¹³Bartèè±j½Õªº¡A§Ṳ́£¬Onative speaker¡A§Y¨Ï¦b°ê¥~¾Ç«Ü¤[¤F¡AÁÙ¬O¨S¦³¿ìªk¾Ç¨ì¹D¦aªº^¤å¡A´N¹³¥~°ê¤H¼gº~¾Ç¡AÁÙ¬O¨S¦³¿ìªk¾Ç¨ì¦Ü¤Ö¹³§Ú̼gªº¾Ç³N½×¤å¡A¥LÁÙ¬On§ä¤Hrevised¡A©Ò¥H§Ú´N½Ð¥L»¡§Ṳ́@°_°Q½×¡A¤]³\§Ú¼g¤@³¡¤À¡A¦A¥Ñ¥LÂX®i³o¼Ë¤l¡A¤j³¡¤À³£¬O¥Ñ§Ú¥Xªº·N¨£¡A¹ï¥L¨Ó»¡¡A¥Dn¼¶¼g¤H¬O¥xÆW¤H¡A§Ú¬O´£¨Ñidea©M§÷®Æªº¡A§Úªº·N«ä¬O»¡½Ö¤£«n©Î«ç»ò¼Ë¡A§Ú̳o¼Ë¦b¦X§@¦b¦nªº´Á¥Z¤Wµoªí¡A¹³§Ú̳̪ñ¦³¤@½g¬O¦bMLA¡@research guide¸Ì±¡A¥¦¦C´X¥»¤@¯ë¾Ç¥Í¥²¶·°áªº´Á¥Z¡A¥¦¸Ì±´N¬O¦³¤@ÓCanadian Review of Comparative Literature¡A§@³o¼Ëªº¤@½g¡AÁöµM¥s§Ú̧ï«Ü¦h¡Aªá¤F«Üªøªº®É¶¡¡A¦ý¬O¥X¨Ó¤§«áÁÙ¬O¤@½g½×¤å¡A¦Ó¥B³o¤@½gÁÙn¦A¤À¦¨¤@¥b¡Cteam work¦A¥[¤W«ü¾É¾Ç¥Íªº°ÝÃD¡A¨ä¹ê§Ṳ́£¾å±o¬ü¥É¬O¤£¬O¤]¬O³o¼Ëı±o¡A§ÚÌ«ü¾É¾Ç¥Í¡A¦³¨Ç§ÚÌÀ°¥Ļï«Ü¦h¤å¦r¡A¦³®ÉÔ¥Lªºideas¬O§Ú̧i¶D¥L¡A¨º¸ÌÁÙ¦³§÷®Æ¡C¥L§@¤jºõªº®ÉÔ¡A¹³§Ú²{¦b¸ò¤@Ó³Õ¤h¥Í¡A¥L¨ºÓ¤jºõ§ï¤F¤T¡B¥|¦¸¡AÁÙ¬O¤£¦æ¡AÁÙ¬On¦A§ï¡Iok¡H´N¬O§Ú§ï¡AµM«á¥L§ï¡AµM«á§Ú§ï¡A¦A¥L§ï³o¼Ë¡A´N¬O¤@ª½§ï¡A¨ä¹ê¬O¦X§@¡A¥i¬O§ÚÌ¥X¨Ó¡A®Ú¥»¨S¦³±¾¦W¡C§Úı±o»¡³o¥i¥H¤À¦¨¤GӨӽ͡A²Ä¤@Ó´N¬O»¡¬ã¨s¥Í¤§¶¡ªº¦X§@¡A¤@ºØ¬O¦Ñ®v©MºÓ¤h¥Í¤§¶¡ªº¦X§@¡A³o¬O¨âºØ±¡§Î¡A§Ú¦³¤@¦¸¦³¾÷·|¥i¥H¸ò²z¤u¬ìªº¤@ӾǪ̦³¤@Ó¤p®Éªº°Q½×¡A¥L«ÜÅå³Yªº»¡¡A§ĄS¦³±¾¡A§Ú»¡§Ú̫ܦ۵Mªº¡B²z©Ò·íµMªº¨S¦³±¾¦W¡AµM«á¥L¬Ý§Ú«ç»ò¼Ë§ï¾Ç¥ÍªººÓ¤h½×¤å¡A¥LÀ~Ãa¤F¡A¦]¬°§Ú̾ǥͪººÓ¤h½×¤å¤£¬O¤@¤j¥»¶Ü¡H¹ï°Ú¡IµM«á¨C¤@Ó¦r¡B¨C¤@¥y¸Üªº§ï¡A§ï¤U¨Ó¥L»¡·íµMn±¾¦W¡A§Ú»¡§Ú̱q¨Ó¨S¦³·Q¹L±¾¦Wªº¨Æ¡A¥L«D±`Åå³Y¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^§A¦³¨º¼Ëªº«Ü±jªº¡Bn§â¨Æ±¡§Ë²M·¡ªº¨ºÓ¤º®æ¡B¼¤±æªº®ÉÔ¡A¤~·|Åܦ¨§Aªº¡C¦pªG§Úµ¹§A¤@ÓÃD¥Ø¡A³o«Ü©_©Ç¡I©Ò¥H¡A²Ä¤@Ó§Ú¤£µ¹ÃD¥Ø¡A¥t¥~¤@Ó¬O·í¥L´X¦~¸ò§ÚŪ®Ñ¹À¡I·íµM¡A§AÌè¤~¥Î¨ìªº¤@¥y¸Ü´N¬O®vªù¡A¬JµM¬O®vªù¡A«Ü©úÅ㪺´N¬O¦³«Ü¦hªº¤@¨Ç°ÝÃDªº¸ÑÄÀ¡A¾Ç³N°ÝÃDªº¸ÑÄÀ¡BÆ[ÂI¡B¨Ï¥Îªº·§©À¡A·íµM·|¦³±Òµo¡B·|¦³¼vÅT¡A³o¬O¤@Ó¡C¥t¥~¤@Ó¬O¦]¬°§A¬O§Ú«ü¾Éªº¾Ç¥Í¡A©Ò¿×ªº«ü¾É¾Ç¥Í¡A§Ú¬O§â¥L©w¸q¬°»¡¡A¨S¿ù¡I¨º¬O§AªºÃD¥Ø¡A¨º§Ú¬O¸ò§A¤U³o½L´Ñ¡A§Ú¥²¶·¸ò§A¤U´X¦~ªº³o½L´Ñ¤§«á¡A¦]¬°§A¤£Â_¦a¤U´Ñ¡A¤£Â_¦a¸ò§Ú¹ï¸Ü¡A¦Ó¹ï¸Üªº·í¤¤¡Aµ²ªG§A³Ì«á§¹¦¨¤F§Aªº½×¤å¡A³o¤~¥s°µ«ü¾É±Ð±Â°Ú¡I«ü¾É±Ð±Â¨S¦³«ü¾É´N¥s«ü¾É±Ð±Â°Ú¡H¥L¦b³o¬q´Á¶¡¡A´N¬O¦]¬°¥L¤£¯à¿W¥ß°µ¬ã¨s¡A¥L®³¨ì³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì¤§«á¥s§@¯à°÷¿W¥ß°µ¬ã¨s¡A¨º¦b³o±¡ªp¤§¤U¡A¥L¯S§O¿W¥ß¥Lªº¬ã¨s¡AÅãµM¬O¦b§Úªº«ü¾É¤§¤U§¹¦¨ªº¡A¦ýÁöµM¬O³o¼Ë¤l¡A§ÚÁÙ¬O¨S¦³¿ìªk¥h»¡ªA§Ú¦Û¤v»¡¥h±¾¦W¡A³o¬Oè¤~»¡ªº¦Ñ®v¸ò¾Ç¥Í¤§¶¡ªº°ÝÃD¡C ¦Ü©ó»¡¤GÓ¦X§@ªº¤H¡A¨º³oÓ¬ã¨sªÌ¡A°ò¥»¤W¥L̳£¬O¥i¥H¿W¥ß°µ¬ã¨sªº¤F¡A³o¨âÓ¥i¥H¿W¥ß°µ¬ã¨sªº¤H¡A°ò¥»¤W¥i¥H¸g¹Lªø®É¶¡ªº¦@¦P°Q½×¡B¦X§@¡AµM«á¥h¼g¥X¤@½g¤å³¹¡A¨º§Úı±o·íµM¥i¥H±¾¦W¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¥i¬O¨º¤ñ¨Ò¬O«Ü¤Öªº°Ú¡I ¡]§d±K¹î¡^©Ò¥H§ÚÁÙ¬O«ÜÃø·Q¹³¡C¦ý¬O¦Ñ¹ê»¡°Õ¡I¨ä¹ê¦@¦P±¾¦W¡A¦b§Ú̪º»â°ì¸Ì±°ò¥»¤WÁÙ¬O¤Ö¼Æªº¡A³o¤]¤£¬O¥xÆW¤Ö¦Ó¤w¡A¨ä¹ê¥þ¥@¬É°ò¥»¤W³£¬O¤Öªº¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¥L»¡¦è¤è¤]³o¼Ë¡C¤H¤å¾Ç¬ì³£¨S¦³±¾¦W¡H ¡]§d±K¹î¡^³oÓ°ÝÃD¤£¤j¡A§Úı±o°Õ¡I ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^ˬO¦Ñ®v¥Î¾Ç¥Íªºidea¡A°ÝÃD¤~·|¤ñ¸û¤j¡A¾Ç¥ÍÁÙ¨S¦³µoªí¡A¥L¤w¸g§â¥¦¥Î¨«¡A¾Ç¥Í±N¨Ó¨S¿ìªkµoªí¡C¡]42¡¦28¡^ ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^ÁÙ¬O´X¥G¾Ç¥Í§Úı±o§Ú¹J¨ìªº¡A§ÚÌ«ü¾É¾Ç¥Íªº¤è¦¡¡A³q±`ÁÙ¬O§A¬Ý¨ºÓ¤¤¤ån¨Dn¼g¨º»ò¦h¡A¤¤¤ånµ¹«Ü¦h«Ü¦hªº¨ó§U¡A¨º¤@½g½×¤å¤~¦³¥i¯à¼g±o¦n¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^³o¬O¬Ýþ¡I¨ä¹ê§ÚÌ¥xÆW¡A¹ï¾Ç¥Í§ë¹¤ñ¸û¦h¡A·íµM¾Ç¥Í¤ñ¸û¯Ê¥F¥D°Ê©Ê¡A²Ä¤G¡A§Ú̪º±Ð¨|Àô¹Ò¡B¥Í¬¡Àô¹Ò¤£§Q©ó°ö¾i¼g§@¸ò¬ã¨s¤H¤~¡A¥L̨ì¤j¤@¦b°µ¨Æ±¡¡A¬O¤H®a°ª¤¤¦b°µªº¨Æ±¡¡A¦]¬°¥L̮ڥ»¤£¾å±o¤°»ò¥sessay[½×¤å]¡A¤Ñ©³¤U¥u¦³§@¤åªº·§©À¡A²³©Ò³£ª¾¡C ¡]§d±K¹î¡^¨ä¹ê¡A¤£¤î§Ú̳oӾǬ쪺°ÝÃD¦Ó¤w¡A¨ä¹ê§Ú̾ãÓªº°V½m¡A§Ú¸ò¤@Ó¬ã¨s¾Ç²ß¤ß²z¾Çªº¤H½Í¹L¡A¥L»¡§Ú̾ãÓªº°V½m¡A¾ãÓ¦b¥xÆWªº¤j¤j¤p¤pªº°V½m³£¤@¼Ë¡A°ò¥»¤W³Q»{¬°°V½m³Ì¦nªº¡A¬O»`¶°ªF¦èªº°V½m¡A¬Û¹ï¨ÓÁ¿¬O¤ñ¸û¦nªº¡AµM«á¦b»`¶°¤F¤§«á¥h¶i¦æ¤ÀÃþ¸ò²Îp¡A±`±`§Ú̧â³oÓªF¦è¥s¬ã¨s¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥h¤ÀªR¡B¹ï¸Ü¡A¥L»¡¦b¦UºØ¤j¤¤¤p¾Ç¸Ì±ªº°V½m³£¬O³o¼Ë¡A¨º¦n°Õ¡I³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡A´N·|¥X²{§Ú̧â»`¶°§¹¾ã¡A´Nè¤~¡A´N§Aªº¸Ü¡A»`¶°§¹¾ã¤£§¹¾ã¡A·í¦¨¬O«Ü«nªº¤@Ó°ÝÃD¨Ó°Q½×¡A¨º¤]´N¬O¦]¬°³o¼Ë¡A©Ò¥H§Ṳ́@ª½¡B±`±`·|¸I¨ì³oºØ°ÝÃD¡A¤@½g¤å³¹¥L»¡¡A§A³o½g¤å³¹¼g±o«Ü¦n¡A¦ý¬O¦³¨âÓ¯ÊÂI¡A¦³¤@Ó¯ÊÂI´N¬O¤°»òªF¦è¨S¦³¬Ý¡A°ò¥»¤W¡A§Ú̧â¤Ó¦hª`·N¤O©ñ¦b»`¶°³oӨƱ¡¤W±¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^§A»¡¡A§Ú¥ý¥´Ó§Ã¡A³o¦¸ªº¬¡°Ê¡A´N¬O»¡¦b§iª¾¥LÌ¡A¬Ý¬Ý°w¹ï©Ò¿×ªº«ü¾É¡A¦pªG¬O¹³§A̳oºØ¦X§@±¾¦W¡A¨ºÓ¬O¬Ý¬Ý³oӲĤ@²Ä¤G³oÓ¡A¨ºÓ«ü¾É´N¬O¦b³Õ¤h©ÎªÌºÓ¤h³oÓ½d³ò¡A¦pªG¥Lnµoªí´N¬O¡A¦b²Ä¤@±ø´N¬Oµù©ú½Ö«ü¾É¡A³o¤w¸g¬O³Ì»´ªº¤F¡I¨S¦³»¡«ü¾É±Ð±Â±¾¦W¡A¦ý¬O¦pªG§A³Õ¤h²¦·~¤F¡A¤w¸g¥i¥H¥h¼g½×¤å¤F¡A¨º´N¤£¥Î¤F¡A¦pªG»¡´N¬O¦b³Õ¤h½×¤å³oÃä´N¬O»¡¡A¦b²Ä¤@±øªºµù¸Ì±µù©ú»¡³oÓ¬O½Ö«ü¾Éªº±¡ªp¤§¤U§¹¦¨ªº¡A³o¼Ë·|¤£·|«Ü¹L¥÷¡H ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¨S¦³¡I§Úı±oÀ³¸Óªº¡I ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¦]¬°§Ú̳o¦¸°Q½×µ¥©ó´N¬O»¡n´£¥X¤@¨Ç°ò¥»ªº«ØÄ³¹À¡I¹ï¤£¹ï¡H¨º§A¬Ý¬Ý¡A²{¦b§ÚÌ´N¬O¯¸¦b§Ú̦ۤv¦Ñ®v¹À¡I¾Ç¥Í¥L¥i¯à·|¦³¤°»ò°ÝÃD¡A§Ú̳£¸g¹L¾Ç¥Í¨ì¦Ñ®vªº¶¥¬q¡A°²¦p»¡¥L¦b³Õ¤h½×¤å¼g§@¡A«ü¾É±Ð±Â´N¬O±¾¦W¡I³oÓ´N¬On¿Å¶q±¡ªp¡A¦b²Ä¤@±øµù¸Ì±¡A¬O¤£¬O¦³¥i¯à¾ÉP³o¼Ë¤@Ó«ØÄ³¡H ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^§Ú²{¦b§i¶D¾Ç¥Í»¡¥L¥²¶·n³o¼Ë§@¡A¥L¥Xª©ªº®ÉÔ¥L¥²¶·n³o¼Ë¤l§@¡A¨º¬O¦]¬°§Ú¹ï¥Lªº½×¤å¤Q¤À¦a§ë¤J¡A¨º¬O¤@©wªº¡I¦]¬°ÃD¥Ø¥i¯à¬O§Úµ¹ªº¡AÃD§÷¥i¯à¬O§Ú¥s¥L¥h¨º¸Ì§äªº¡A¬Æ¦Ü¥i¯à¨ä¤¤¦³¬Y´X¶¥i¯à§¹¥þ³£¬O§Ú¼gªº¡A¹ï¤£¹ï¡H ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¥i¬O³oÓ°ÝÃD¤ñ¸ûÃø¡A¦]¬°¦³ªº¦P¾Ç¯uªº¬O¦Ñ®v§ë¤J¤£¦h¡A¦]¬°¦³¨S¦³¯à¤O²¦·~¬O§Aªº¨Æ±¡¹À¡I§Ú̬O¦]¬°§â¤j¾Ç¥Í·í¦¨¤p«Ä¨Ó¬Ý¡A¬ã¨s¥Í·í¦¨¤j¾Ç¥Í¨Ó¬Ý«Ý¡A©Ò¥H§ë¤J«Ü¦h¡A¬O¤£¬O«Ü¦h¡H¹³¤é¥»®Ú¥»³£¤£§ë¤Jªº¡A¬O§A¨ÓÆ[¹î§Ú¡A«ç»ò°µ¬ã¨s¡A¨Ó¤W§Úªº½Ò¡A§A¾Ç¤£·|¬O§Aªº¨Æ±¡¡A¨º¦è¤è¬O³o¼Ë¤lªº¡C¦]¬°¥xÆW¦³¤H´N§ë¤J¦h¡A¦³¤Hı±o¾Ç¥Í¥D°Ê¤§¥~¡A§Ú´N¬On·ÓÅU¾Ç¥Í¡A³o«ÜÃø´¶¹M¤Æ¡A«ÜÃø´¶¹M¤Æ´NÅܦ¨¤@Ó³W«h¡A´N®e©ö¤Þ°_ªÈ¯É¡C ¡]¹ù¬ü¥É¡^¦b³ÕºÓ¤h½×¤åªº³¡¤À¡A¦³¤ñ¸û¦h¤£¦Pªº±¡ªp¡A´N¬O§ÚÌn¦p¦ó¬°³ÕºÓ¤h½×¤å¡]48¡¨13¡^¨Ó°µ©w¦ì¡A¦³ªº¹³¦U¦ì©Ò½Íªº¡A¤S¥i¥HÆ[©À[«ü¾É]¡]48¡¨18¡^¡A¤SÀ°¥L×§ï½×¤å¡A¨º½T¹ê¬O¦³«Ü¦h¦Ñ®v·|§V¤O¦aÀ°¾Ç¥Í§ï½×¤å¡A¨º§Úè´£¨ì´NµÛ§@Åvªk¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A¥uµ¹Æ[©À¡B¥uµ¹§÷®Æ¡]48¡¨28¡^¬O¤£ºc¦¨µÛ§@Åvªk«OÅ@ªº¹ï¶H¡A¦]¬°¥L¥²¶·n¦³ªí¹F¡B¡]48¡¨33¡^°Ñ»P¼¶z¤~ºâ¡A¨º´N³o¤@ÂI¨ÓÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A¤u¬ì¥L̤@¼Ë¦³Ãþ¦üªº±¡ªp¡A·íµM¥L̪º±¡ªp¤ñ¸û©ú½T¡A¦³¤@¨Ç¤ñ¸û¶Ç²Îªº¥xÆWªº¾ÇªÌ¥L´N·|¥hÀ°¾Ç¥Í×§ï½×¤å¦¨¤ñ¸û¹³¼Ëªº¡A©Ò¥H¦b§Ú̳oÓ¦~¥N®³¨ì³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì´N¨ã¦³°Æ±Ð±Â¸ê®æ¡A°Æ±Ð±Â¬O¨ã¦³¿W¥ß¬ã¨s¯à¤O¡A©Ò¥H°ò¥»¤W¬O±q³oºØÆ[©À¨Ó¬Ýªº¡C¥i¬O¤@ª½¨ì¤µ¤Ñ¡A®³¨ì³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ìªº¬Û·í©ó§U²z±Ð±Â¨º³o¼Ë¤]¥¼¥²¡A¦]¬°ÁÙ¬On¸g¹L¼f¬d¡A¨º§Ú·N«ä¬O»¡³o¨ä¹ê¬O¦V²z¤u¬ì¥h¾aÃl¡A¥LÌ»{¬°¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¬O¥¼¸gµoªíªº¡A¨º¬O¤£ºâªº¡A¥¦ªº¼h¯Å¬OÄÝ©ó¾Ç¥Í̪º¤@Ó¡]ºc¦¨¡^¡C¦]¦¹¡A§Ú©ÒÅ¥¨ìªº²z¤u¬ì¡A¥L̬O¦³¤@¨Ç¾ÇªÌ¬O³o»ò°µªº¡A¥L»{¬°¾Ç°Ý´N¬O¾Ç¥Íªº¡A©Ò¥H¥L¤£À°¦£§ï¡A¥Lı±on¥H¾Ç¥Íªºì»ª¥h°µ«O¯d¡A¾Ç¥Í̽פ姹¦¨¥H«á¡A¥L¤ñ¸û¦b¥Gªº¬O¨ä¤¤ªº¬Y¤@Æ[ÂI¬O«Ü¦nªº¡AµM«á©â¥X¨Ón¨D¾Ç¥Í¥h¥t¥~¼¶¼g¡]µoªí¡^¡A¥iµoªíªº¡A¦]¬°¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¸ò¨ä¥L½×¤åÁÙ¬O¦³¤@©wªº¼h¯Å¡AµM«á¸g¹L¤F¼¶¼g¥H«á¡A«ü¾É±Ð±ÂÁÙ·|¿Ë¦Ûªº°µ§¹¾ãªº×§ï¡A¨º¥]¬A¤å¦r50¡¨00¡^¡B¥]¬A²Å¦X³W½dªºµ¥µ¥¡C³o¼Ëªº½×¤å§ë¥X¥hªº®ÉÔ¡A«ü¾É±Ð±Â´N¥i¥H±¾¦W¡A¥L̬O«Ü©ú½Tªº¤À³o¨âÂI¡C§Ú̪º¸Ü¡A¬O§â¾Ç¦ì½×¤åµ¥¦P©ó´N¬O±M®Ñ¡A¨ºÓ±M®Ñ´N®³¥h¥Xª©¡A¨º¦³ªº®ÉÔ§ÚÌ´N¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì³o¥»®Ñ¡A¤£¥h¬dªº®ÉÔ¡A¨S¦³µo²{¨º´N¬O¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¡A©Ò¥H¥Ø«e¦b°ê¬ì·|¸Ì±¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¤]¥u¦³¨â¦~¡A¤@¯ëªº¾Ç³NµÛ§@¸Ì±¥¦´N¦³¨â¦~¡Aì¦]¦b©ó»¡¡AÁÙ¬O§â¥¦°±¯d¦b¾Ç²ß¹Lµ{ªº¤@Ó²£ª«¡C°²¦p»¡§Ú̱µ¨ü³o¼Ë¤@ÓÆ[©Àªº¸Ü¡A¥i¯à´N·|Åý«Ü¦h¾ÇªÌ¤£¥²ªá¨º»ò¦hªº¤O®ð¦b§ï¾Ç¥Íªº½×¤å¤W±¡A§Ú¦³®ÉÔ·|ı±o¡A§ï¥L̪º½×¤å¡A§Ú¦Û¤v³£·|«D±`¦aÂÔ·V¡A¦]¬°§ï¨ä¹ê¬O¤ñ¦Û¤v¼g§óÃø§ó¨¯W°Ú¡A¨º¯S§O¬O¤@¥»«p«pªº¤G¤T¤Q¸U¦rªº³£¦³¡A§Ú̦ۤvn¥h¨M©w§ÚÌ«ç»ò¼Ë¬Ý«Ý¾Ç¥Íªº¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¡A¥un§ÚÌ»{©w¨º¬OÄÝ©ó¥L¾Ç²ß¶¥¬qªº¤@Ó²£ª«¡A¥i¯à´N¬O¤Þ¾É¥L¥h°µ´N¥L²{¶¥¬q¸Ì±ªº¤@ӳ̦nªºªí²{¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥Î§Ú̹ï¾Ç³Nªºn¨D¤£Â_¦a¹G¥L¥h§ï¶i¡]51¡¨17¡^¡Aµ¥¨ì¨ä¤¤ªº¬Y¤@³¹§ÚÌı±o¦³³Ð¨£¡Aȱoµoªí¡A©â¥X¨Ó¥h§ï¼g¡A¨º³o´N¬O²z¤u¬ì¥L̨«ªº¼Ò¦¡¡A©Ò¥H¥LÌ¥i¥H¦@¦P±¾¦Wªº²z¥Ñ¤]³Q±µ¯Ç¡A±Ð¨|³¡¤]¦P·Nªºì¦]¬O¦]¬°§Aªº«ü¾É±Ð±Â¥²¶·°Ñ»P¼¶¼g¡A§A´N¥i¥H±¾¦W¡A¨S¦³°Ñ»P¼¶¼g´N¤£¥i¥H±¾¦W¡A³o¬O¥Ø«e¤ñ¸û©ú½Tªº¤@ÂI¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¥i¬O§Ú̧ï¤F«Ü¦hC¡Aºâ¤£ºâ°Ñ»P¼¶¼g? ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^²{¦b°ÝÃD¦b³o¸Ì¡A¥xÆWªº¤å¬ì§â¾Ç¦ì½×¤åµø¦P¥Xª©«~¡A¬O¯S®í²{¶H¡]§õ¡G¹ï¡^¡A¤H¤å°ê¥~ªº¦³¨S¦³³o¼Ë¤l¡K¡K ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^©Ò¥H¼g±o¤£¦n¨ä¹ê¬OÀ³¸Óªº¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^´N¬O»¡¤£¬O§Aªº³d¥ô§Aªºªí²{¡C¤µ¤Ñ°ÝÃD¦b³o¡A§Ú̧â¥L·í§@¥Xª©«~¡]§õ¡G¹ï¡^¡A¦UºØ¨î«×¸òµÛ³oÓ¨Ó¡A¥i¬O³y¦¨«Ü¦h«á¿ò¯g¡A¥]¬A¦¨«~¸ò¥b¦¨«~¤£¤À¡]§õ¡G¹ï¡^¡A³s±a¦a§ÚÌ¥xÆWªº±M®Ñ¨S¦³¼f¬d¨î«×¥X¨Ó¡A©Ò¥H§A³Õ¤h½×¤å¤]¥i¥Hª½±µ¦b¬YÓ¥Xª©ªÀ¥Xª©°Ú¡A¦b¦è¤èªº¸Ü©O¡A®Ñªº¥Xª©¬O¤ñ½×¤åµoªíÁÙ§xÃøªº¡A¤£¬O§ó®e©ö¡A¨º©Ò¥Hèè¹ù±Ð±ÂÁ¿±o¨º±¡ªp¡A¨ä¹ê³oÓ±¡ªp¦b^¬ü¥@¬É¤å¬ì¤]¬O¤@¼Ë¡A©Ò¥H¥L̪º³Õ¤h½×¤å¤@¦Ê½g¸Ì±¯à°÷µoªí¥Xª©¤j¬ù¦Ê¤À¤§¤¡A©Ò¥H¦³¨S¦³¸g¹L§ï¼g¥Xª©ªº³Õ¤h½×¤å¡A¥Lªº»ùȦa¦ì¸ò¾Ç¦ì¬O¨â¦^¨Æ±¡¡]§õ¡G¹ï¡^¡A¨º¥i¯à¬O¤@ÂI¤C¡B¤@ÂI¤K¡A¦³¨S¦³¨ì¤@Ó¿W¥ßªº·N¸q¡A©Ò¥H«Ü¦h°ÝÃD²£¥Í©ó§Ú̳o¤@Ó¯S®íªº¨î«×¡C²Ä¤G§Ú̦b¨î«×¤W¤£§â³Õ¤h½×¤åµø¬°¤@Ó¥Xª©«~¡Aµ¥©ó»¡§A¤£¯à¦A¥Î²Ä¤G¹M¡A³y¦¨«D±`¦hªº«á¿ò¯g¡A¦]¬°§A¦³«Ü¦h¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¥»¨Ó´N¬O¥b¦¨«~¡A¥i¬O§A³o¼Ëªº¨î«×¤£¹ªÀy¥L§â¥¦¼g©w§ï¦n¥Xª©¡A¤j¶qªº½×¤åÀxÂæbÜ®w¸Ì±µ¥µ¥¡Aµ¥©ó®ö¶O³o¨Çºë¤O¡A¥]¬A¦Ñ®v³o¤@¥÷¡A©Ò¥H³o«Ü¦h½ÆÂøªº°ÝÃD¦b¸Ì±¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¨âºØ±¡§Î¡A¤@Ó´N¬O¥Ã»·³£¤£¨£¤Ñ¤éªº¡A¦³¤@ºØ¬O«Ü¿n·¥ªº¡A¦]¬°¤]¦³¤@¨Ç¾Ç¥Í¡A¥L¤@²¦·~°¨¤W´N¥Xª©ªº¡]53¡¨31¡^¡A¨º¥L¥Xª©¤F³oºØ±¡§Î¥Ln«ç»òªí¥Ü¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¥Dn¬O§Ų́S¦³¼f¬d¨î«×°Ú¡A¤H®a¬O¥Xª©±M®Ñ¡A»·¤ñµoªí¦b¤@½g¦³¼f¬d¹Lªº´Á¥Z¤W§óÃø°Ú¡A©Ò¥H¥Xª©¬OÓºaÄ£¡A§A¦b¤@ÓµÛ¦Wªº¤j¾Ç¤åª«¡A§Ú̱aªº¥Xª©ªÀ¤@ª½¨S¦³¤Wy¹D¡K¡K ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¥L¥i¥H§@µù¡A§Ú¬Ý¦³¤@¨Ç¥Xª©¡A¥L³s§Ç¸Ì±³s´£³£¤£´£»¡¬O½Ö«ü¾Éªº¡A¦ý¬O¡K¡K¨º§A¦Ñ®vªº¥I¥X¬O¦bþ¸Ì¡A«üªº¬O³oºØ°ÝÃD°Õ¡A¦pªG»¡«ü¾É±Ð±Â®Ú¥»¤£ºÞ¤F¡A¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^²{¦bªº°ÝÃD¬O³o¼Ë¡A°ÝÃD¬O§ÚÌ¥xÆW¤~·|¦³ªº¡A¤å¬ì¤~·|ªº¡A§AÁ¿¥X¨Ó¨S¦³¦@»ï¡A§A¥i¥HÁ¿«Ü¦h«Ü¦h«Ü¦h¡A¨º¤H®a¬°¤°»ò¤£§ï©O?§A¤£ª¾¹D¡C§A̬°¤°»ò¤£§â¥Xª©¸ò¤£¥Xª©¤À¶}¨Ó©O?²z¤u¬ì¨S¦³¥X®Ñªº°ÝÃD°Ú¡A¥u¦³±Ð¬ì®Ñ¡C©Ò¥H½×¤å¡A¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¸ò¥Xª©ªº¤@¥÷¡A¥i¬O¥»¨Ó´N¤£¤@¼Ë¤F¡C¦è¤èªº¤å¬ì©TµM¥LÌ¥i¥H¥X®Ñ¡A¥i¬O¥LÌ¥X®Ñ³£¸g¹L¼f¬d¡A¥X®Ñ¤ñ¥Xª©½×¤å¡B³æ½g½×¤åÃø±o«Ü¦h¡AÅܦ¨»¡§A³oÓ±¡ªpÅܱo«Ü©t¥ß¡C §AÁ¿¥X¨Ó¨S¦³¦@»ï¡]54¡¨50¡^¡A¤H®a¬OÁ¿§A§ï§Aªº°µ¨Æ¤è¦¡¡A¦Ó¤£¬On¨D³]©w¥t¥~ªº³W«h¡A³o¬OÓ¤j§xÃø¡A¤£¬O¤£¯à·¾³q¡A¥i¬O§An¥h»¡ªA¡A«Ü³Â·Ð¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^§Ú·Q§Ú¦Û¤v¡A²{¦bªº¾Ç¥Í¡A¤@¶}©l´N¸ò¥LÁ¿±o¤ñ¸û²M·¡¡A©Ò¥H¹³§Ú³Ìªñ¦³Ó³Õ¤h¥Í¡A¥Lªº½×¤å³Q°êĶÀ]¼f¬d±µ¨ü¡A×§ï¥H«á¥L²{¦b¥Xª©¡A¥Lªºµù¡A´N¹³¹ù¦Ñ®v»¡ªº¡K¡K»¡³oÓ¬O³Õ¤h½×¤å¡A¬O§Ú«ü¾Éªº¡A§Ú¥ý¼g§Ç¡Aok¡A§Úı±o³oÓ´N¬O¤ñ¸û²Å¦X¾Ç³N³W½d¡A¤]¤£¬O»¡³o¼Ë´N·|´î§C¥L³o¥»®Ñªº»ùÈ¡A¦]¬°§Ú¦b§Ç¨¥»¡³Ì«á×§ï¬O¥L¡A§Ú²{¦b¸ò§Úªº¾Ç¥Í°µ¤@¨Ç¦@¦P¥Xª©¡A¦ý¬On¤@°_¦X§@ªº®ÉÔÁ¿±o«Ü²M·¡¡A¦]¬°¦Ñ®v¦³§ë¤J¡A©Ò¥H¤@©w¬O¦@¦P±¾¦W¡C§Úı±o¾Ç¥Í¤@¶}©l¸ò¥LÁ¿²M·¡¬O¥i¥Hªº¡A¥»¨Ó¬O§Æ±æ»¡³oÓ°ÝÃD¤ñ¸û´¶¹M¡A¦b¤¤¤å¾Çªù¨ä¹ê¬O«Ü±`¨£ªº¡A¦]¬°¤¤¤å¾Çªùn¨Dªº½×¤å¤Ó¤j¡A©Ò¥H¾Ç¥Í¯à°÷§â³o»ò¤jªº½×¤å¼g¦n¡A¾÷·|«Ü§C¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^°ÝÃD¬O²{¦b¥Ø«e¦b±À§ï§Æ±æÃD¥Ø¤£n¨º»ò¤j¡A²{¦bµ}¦³°Êª«È¤£È±o«OÅ@¬OÓ°ÝÃD¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¨ä¹ê§Ú²{¦b¸ò¥LÌÁ¿¤»¸U¦r¡A¥un§A¼g±o¦n¨ä¹ê´N¤£¿ù¤F¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¥Dn¬O§Ú̧â¥H«eºÓ¤h¥i¥H¶i¤J¾Ç³N¬Éªº¤@Ó¨ãÅé³Õ¤h¯Zªº±¡ªp«O¯d¨ì²{¦b¡]¨S¦³¿ù¡^¡A¦]¬°¥H«eºÓ¤h¥i¥H¶i¤j¾Ç·íÁ¿®v¤F¡AµM«á©Ò¥H¨º®ÉÔ¬On¨D³oÓ¡C§Úè¦n¥h¦~¨ì³oӤ饻¸ò»´ä°µÓ¦Ò¹î¡A²{¦b¥þ³¡¹³¥xÆW³o¼ËÁÙn¥Xª©«p«pªººÓ¤h½×¤å¡A¥u³Ñ¤U¤@ӾǮաA»´ä¤j¾Ç¤¤¤å¨t¡A³sªF¨È³£¨S¦³¡A¤j³°¤W¤]¨S¦³¡C©Ò¥H§Úı±o³o¨Æ±¡¬O¤£È±o«OÅ@ªºµ}¦³°Êª«¡]57¡¨03¡^¡A²{¦b¾ú¥v¾Ç¬É¤]¦b±À°Ê¡A¥x¤j¾ú¥v¨tèè³q¹LºÓ¤h½×¤å¤£ã¶W¹L¤»¸U¦r¡A´«¥y¸Ü»¡n§A¨D½è¡A¤»¸U¦r¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W§Aªº¬ã¨s¦¨ªG³Q¤H±µ¨üªºµ{«×§ó°ª¡A§ó¦³¾÷·|³Q§ï¼gµoªí¦¨³Q¼f¬d³q¹Lªº´Á¥Z½×¤å¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^³oÓ«ØÄ³¡A«Ü¨ãÅé¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^©Ò¥H²{¦b¤w¸g¨S¦³³o¼Ëªº¤H¤F¡A¤w¸g¨S¦³³o¼Ëªº¨î«×¤F¡]§õ¡G¹ï¡K¡K¡^¡A³Ñ¤U¥xÆWªº¤¤¤å©Ò¸ò¾ú¥v©Ò¡A¨S¦³¥ô¦ó©Ò¬O³o¼Ë¤F¡]§õ¡G¨S¦³¿ù¡^¡A¦Ó¥B¤]¨S¦³§Oªº¡A¤£n»¡¦è¤è¤F¡A§Y¨Ï¬OªF¤è¤¤°ê¤j³°³s¤é¥»¤]§¹¥þ¨S¦³¡A¤é¥»ºÓ¤h½×¤å³£¬O¤@½g¥bªº½×¤å´X¤Q¶¡A»´ä¤]¨S¦³°Õ¡A¤¤¤å¤j¾Ç¤]¨S¦³°Õ¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¤j³°¤]¬O³o¼Ë¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^§Úı±o¨º´N§â³o±ø¦C¶i¥h·í§@«ØÄ³¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¤¤°ê¤j³°¬Æ¦Ü¤T¸U¦r´N¥i¥H²¦·~°Õ¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¹ï¡A¨º¨SÃö«Y¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¾ú¥v¾Çn¶}¤@Ó¥þ¥xÆW¾ú¥v¨t©Ò¥D¥ô¸ò±Ð®v°Q½×·|¡A°Q½×ºÓ¤h¯Z³oÓ¡K¡K ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¨º³oÓ¤]¯Ç¤J«ØÄ³¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¥þ°ê«ç»ò¼Ë? ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¥þ°ê¾ú¥v¨t©Ò¥D¥ô¸ò±Ð®v¥Nªín¶}¤@ÓºÓ¤h¬ã¨s¥Íªº¤@Ó®y½Í·|¡A¨ä¤¤ªº¤@Ó¥D¶b´N¬OºÓ¤h½×¤åªº©w¦ì¡AºÓ¤h½×¤åªº©w¦ì´N¯A¤Î¨ìºÓ¤h½×¤å©w¦ìªº°ÝÃD¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^³oÓ¥i¥H«ØÄ³¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^§Ṳ́µ¤Ñ¦¤W¡A¡K¡KÃC±X¶§ÃC±Ð±Â´N«ØÄ³¡A¦pªG§ÚÌn°µ¤@Ó°ò¥»ªº¾Ç³N³W½d¦u«h¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¤@©wnªº¦Û¤v¨t©Òªº¥D¥ô¡K¡K ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¤@©wn¦Û¤v¨t©Òªº¥D¥ô¶}·|¡C±z¬O¦]¬°¬O°ê¬ì·|ªº¥l¶°¤H¡A¨º´N¬O»¡²{¦b¥u¦³¸¥ý¥Í¥i¥H°µ¡K¡K ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^§A´N§â³oÓ«ØÄ³µ¹¸¥ý¥Í°Ú¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¨ä¹ê³oÓ°ÝÃD§Ú¸ò¸¥ý¥Í½Í¹L¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡G¸¥ý¥Íªº¤ÏÀ³?¡^¡A§Ú̵L·N¤§¶¡½Íªº¡A¬O¥h¦~ÁÙ¬O«e¦~§Ú¸ò¥L¥h¦Ò½×¤åªº®ÉÔ¡A½Í¤]¬O¨º»ò«p¡]58¡¨52¡^¡A¥i¬O«á¨Ó§Ú̦æ°Ê¡A§Ú´N¤£ª¾¹D¥L«ç»ò¤F¡C¡]58¡¨54¡^ ¦]¬°§Anª¾¹D¦pªG¦A¹L¡K¡K¦]¬°¾ú¥v¾Ç¨t§Ú²q¦³¤Àª[ªº·N¨£¡]59¡¨07¡^¡A¦³ªº¨t©Ò¤£·|§ï¡A¥i¬O¤¦~¤§«á³á¡A¾ú¥v¨t¸Ì±ÁÙ¼g«p«pºÓ¤h½×¤å¥i¯à¤]¥u¦³¤@¥b¡A¯S§O¥Dn¤j¾Ç¸Ì±¡]59¡¨17¡^¡A§Ú§PÂ_¥x¤j§ï¤F¥H«á¬F¤j¡]§õ¡G¬F¤j¤]·|¸ò¶i³á¡^¤]·|§ï¡A¨º±N¨ÓºCºC¦a§ï¨ì³Ì«á³Ñ¤U¥xÆWªº¤¤¤å©Ò¡]§õ¡G¹ï¡^¡A§An¤F¸Ñ²{¦b¤£¬O»¡ªF¦èªº°ÝÃD°Ú¡AªF¨È¡B¤¤°ê¤j³°¡B¤é¥»¡B»´ä¡]¹ù¡G¹ï¹ï¹ï¡^¡A°£¤F¤¤¤å¤j¾Ç¡K¡K»´ä¤j¾Çªº¤¤¤å¾Ç°|¥H¥~¡A©M¥xÆWªº¤¤¤å©Ò¡B¾ú¥v©Ò¥H¥~¡A¨S¦³°Õ¡A¦Ó¥B¥x¤j¾ú¥v¨t¤w¸g³q¹L×§ï¡AºÓ¤h½×¤å¬O¤T¸U¦r¡B¤»¸U¦rªº¼Ë¤l¡K¡K¤w¸g³q¹L¡C¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¨º³Õ¤h½×¤å©O?¡^³Õ¤h½×¤å˨S¦³¨î¡A³Õ¤h½×¤å¼g®Ñ·íµM°Õ¡A¥i¬O·N«ä¦b©ó»¡§AnºÓ³Õ¤h¤À³~¡A§A³Õ¤h´N¬On¦³¼g®Ñ¯à¤Oªº¤H¤~¯à®³³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì¡AºÓ¤hªº¸Ü©O¡A§A¦³¡K¡K§A¦³¨S¦³³oÓ¥»»â¡H§A±N¨Ó¨ìªÀ·|¤W§ä¤u§@¡A¦³³oÓ¥»»â¼g¦¨¤@Ó¦nªºÈ±oµoªí½×¤åªº¤H¡A¤]¦³¾÷·|¦Ò¨ì³Õ¤h¯Z¥h¡C·íµM¡A¦b¹L´ç´Á¶¡¤@©w·|¦³«Ü¦h½ÆÂøªº°ÝÃD¡A¥]¬A¦b¥x¤j¦pªG¼gµu½×¤åªº¤H§A¦Ò§Oªº¾Ç®Õªº³Õ¤h¯Zµ¥µ¥¡A¤£¹LµL½×¦p¦ó¨Æ±¡¤w¸g¶}©l°µ¤F¡B±Ò°Ê¤F¡A¨ì¤UÓ¤ë°ê¬ì·|n¿ì¤@Ó¥þ¥xÆW¾ú¥v¨t©Ò¸ò±Ð®v¥Nªí¬ã°Q·|¡AµM«á¤»¤ë±Ð¨|³¡n¥X±¿ì¤@Ó¤j¾Ç³¡ªº±Ð¾Ç¬ã°Q·|¡A©Ò¥H³oÓ¡K¡K³oÓªF¦èÁÙÆZ¦³½ìªº¡A¦UӾǪù¦Û«ßªº¡K¡K¦Ûµo¦Û«ßªº°ÝÃD¡A¦]¬°§A³oÓªF¦è¬O¯S®í²{¶H¡An´¶¹M¤Æ«ÜÃø¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^©Ò¥H¡A§A¥un§â³oÓ«ØÄ³®×µ¹°ê¬ì·|¡AÅý°ê¬ì·|¥h³B²z¡A§A¤£¯à¹GµÛ¸°ê¨}°µ³oºØ¨Æ±¡¡A§A¥i¥H«ØÄ³¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¹ï°Ú¡K¡K¡A¹³§Ú³Ìªñ¤@ӾǥͲ¦·~¡A¥L¬O¶³¬ì¤j¡A´N¥u¼g¤»¸U¦r°Ú¡A§Ú¤£ã¥L¼g¦h¡A¦]¬°§Úı±o§A¼g¨º»ò¦h¦Û¤v§¹¥þ¤£¯à±±¨î¡A¹ï¤£¹ï¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¹ï¡A¨S¿ù¡A¨º¬O§Û§O¤Hªº¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¥L°µ±oÁÙ¤£¿ù³á¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^§Ú·Q¬O³o¼Ë¤l¡A¦pªG¾ú¥v¨t³q¹L®Éªº¸Ü©O¡A§Ú¤£¾å±o·|¤£·|¹ï¥x¤jªº¤¤¤å©Ò¦³À£¤O¦³¼vÅT¡]§õ¡G§Ú¬Û«H¦³À£¤O¡^¡A©Ò¥H³oӨƱ¡§Ú¦b²q³á¡A¤¤¤å©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¼g§@ªº§Î¨î¸ò¤è¦¡ªº°ÝÃD¡A§Ú·Q¤T¤¦~«á·|¯B¤WÂi±¡]¬Y¡GÁÙ¬O·|¯B¤WÂi±¡^¡A¦]¬°¾ú¥v¤w¸g°Ê¤F¡A¥H«á·|¶V¨Ó¶V©t¥ß¡CÁöµM¤¤¤åªº¾Çªù«D±`¤j¡A¥i¬OÁÙ¬O¡K¡K ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¥i¬OÁÙ¬O¦³«Ü¦h¤ñ¸û¶Ç²Îªº¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^§c¡A¾ú¥v¾Çªù¤]¦³¡A¤£¹L¤w¸g¶}©lÅܤơC ¡]¹ù¬ü¥É¡^§Ú·Q¥i¯à·|¦³¤@Ó§ïÅܪº«´¾÷³á¡A¥i¯à¦U¦ì¤ñ¸û¼ô±xªº°ê¬ì·|ªº³¡¤À¡A¨º¥Ø«eÁÙ¦³¤@ӱШ|³¡µûŲ¡A´N¬OÄÝ©óµûŲ¤¤¤ßªº³¡¤À¡A³o¸Ì±¯A¤Îªº´N¬Oèè¦U¦ì©Ò½Í¨ìªº¾Ç¦ì½×¤å©w¦ìªº°ÝÃD¡A¦p¦ó©w¦ì¡H¨ì©³¬O¨D¥þ¡HÁÙ¬O¨D¦³³Ð¨£¡H§A¨D¥þªº¸Ü¡A¤£¥iÁ×§Kªº·|³B²z¨ì¤ñ¸û¦hªº§Ûŧ¾Ç³NÛ²zªº°ÝÃD¡A°²¦p»¡¥u¬O³W½d¦r¼Æ¡D¦Ó¨S¦³³W½d¥Lªº¤@Ó¤H©Ò±o³Ð¨£³¡¤Àªº¸Ü¡A¥i¯à»¡ªA¤O¤]¤£¬O¨º»ò¤j¡C¥Ø«e¦bµûŲ¤¤¤ß¸Ì¡D¥LÌ´£¥X¨Óªº¤@Ó«ü¼Ð´N¬O¡A¾Ç¦ì½×¤åªº¥Xª©pµe¬O°µ¬°µû¶q¤@Ó¨t©Ò¿ì¾Ç¤@Ó«Ü«nªº«ü¼Ð¡A³oÂI¤£¬O§â¤@ӾǪù¿W¥ß°_¨Ó¡A¦Ó¬O´¶¹Mªº¡C¨Ì²z¤u¬ì¨ÓÁ¿¡A¸Û¦p§Úè¤w¸g´£¨ìªº¡A¾Ç¦ì½×¤ån·Q¿ìªkµoªí¡A§Ú̪º°ÝÃD°²¦p¤´µM¥u¬O°±¯d¦b«Ü®e©ö¦a±M®Ñªº¥Xª©ªº¸Ü¡A¥i¯àÁÙ¬O¨S¦³»¡ªA¤O¡A©Ò¥H´NÅܦ¨¬O±M®Ñ¥Xª©¡A¯S§O´N¤H¤å¾Ç¤è±¨ÓÁ¿¡]01¡¨03¡¨18¡^ªº¸Ü¡A±M®Ñªº¼vÅT·|§ó¤j¡A¹³¬F¤j¤w¸g´£¨ì±M®Ñªº³oÓ°ÝÃD¤F¡C©Ò¥H¦p¦ó¥h½T¥ß±M®ÑÀ³¦³ªºÄYÂÔ©Ê¡A¥¦ªº¼f¬d¨î«×¡A¦b¨ä¥Lªº¾Ç³N¥Xª©¨Ã¦æªº¡A¤j·§¬O¥¼¨ÓµûŲ¤¤¤ß©ÒnÆ[¹îªº¤@Ó«Ü«nªº«ü¼Ð¡A³o¤]·|«P¦¨¦U¨t©Ò¦bµûŲªº®ÉÔ¡A¥u¦n§V¤O¦a¡A¤£·|¹³§õ±Ð±ÂÁ¿ªº¡A°ï¦bÜ®w¸Ì±¡A±µ¤U¨Ó´N¬O¥Xª©«~«~ºÞªº°ÝÃD¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^§Úı±o§Ú̬¡°Êªº·N¸q´N¬O»¡¡A§â·N¨£¸g¹L§A³Ì«áªº¾ã²z¡A§â³oÓ³ø§i©ÎªÌ³oӳƧѿý¡A´£¨Ñµ¹°ê¬ì·|¡A¦Ü©ó¥L«ç»ò¼Ë¥h³Æ®×¡B³Æ¬dµo´§®Ä¤O¡A³oÓ§Ṳ́£nºÞ¥L¡C¦ý¬O§Úı±o§ÚÌÁÙ¬On°µ¡C§Ṳ́µ¤Ñ¦³´XÓ¨ãÅ骺¡e«ØÄ³¡f¡C¦]¬°(³¯¡G¾ú¥vªº¾Çªù¤w¸g³o¼Ë¤F¡A§Ṳ́¤¤å¾Çªù¤]¡K¡K)§A¥u¬O¥l¶°¨Ó¶}Ó·|¦Ó¤w§r¡I§A³s³oÓ³£¤£°µ¡H³o¤£¬O¤@Ó¤Hªº°ÝÃD¡A³o¦³¨âÓ¥i¯à¡A°ê¬ì·|ªº¥l¶°¤H¬O¤@Ó¥i¯à¡A¥t¤@Ó¬O±Ð¨|³¡¡A¨º¤Ï¥¿§â³oÓ·N¨£¥æµ¹¨ºÓ³æ¦ì¬Ý¬Ý¡C©Ò¥H§A̶}¤F¥H«á¤@©w·|¦³¤@Ó¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¹ï¡K¡K¤£¹L§Ų́èS¦³n¨D¥ô¦ó¤Hn¬°¥ô¦ó¨t©ÒªºÅܲI®Ñ¡A¨S¦³³oÓ·N«ä¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¬O¡A¦ý¬O³oÁ`¬On¦³¾÷·|¤j®a°Q½×°Q½×¤@¤U¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¤£¹L¬O³o¼Ëªº°Õ¡C±z³oÓpµe¬O¤H¤å¾Ç¬ã¨s¤¤¤ßªº¹À¡I¤H¤å¾Ç¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¸ò¤H¤å³B¨ä¹ê¨S¦³¤°»òÃö³s¡B¤¬°Ê¡A¨º¯u¥¿ÃöÁä¬O¤H¤å³B¡C ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^§Úª¾¹D°Ú¡C©Ò¥H§Úªº·N«ä¬O»¡¡A§Ú̧@§¹¥H«á¤@¨Ó¤Wºô¡A¨º»ò¤G¨Ó´N¬O§ÚÌ¥i¯àn§ë´Á¥Z¡A¥t¥~¤@Ó´N¬O»¡§Æ±æ¡A¦pªG¥i¥H°µ¦¨¤ñ¸û§¹¾ã¡A§ÚÌ´N¥X®Ñ¡C¨ä¹ê¥X®Ñ·|Åܦ¨¤j®a³£n¥Îªº¤â¥U¡A³o¬O¦nªº¡C¨º»ò²Ä¤TÓ´N¬O»¡¡A§Ú·|§â³oÓ³¡¥÷¡A§Ú̪º¨ãÅ髨ijªº³¡¥÷¡A¦pªG¦C¥X¨Ó¤j®a³£¦P·N¡A´N¬O½Ð¨ì°Ñ»PªÌ¡B»P·|ªÌñ¦W¡A¤@°_°eµ¹³¯³Bªø¸ò¸¥ý¥Í¡C¦]¬°§Úı±o¡A¤¤¤å¾Çªù¡A¥i¯à¤]¤£¬O¸¥ý¥Í¦Û¤v¤@Ó¤Hªº°ÝÃD¡A¥i¯à¦³«Ü¦h¨ä¥Lªº¦]¯À¡A§Ú¨ä¹ê¦³invite¥L̰ѥ[ªº¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¨ä¹ê¡A§Úı±o³oÓ°ÝÃD°ò¥»¨ÓÁ¿¡A¥DnÁÙ¬O±q¤j®a¹ê»Ú¤u§@ªºÀô¹Ò¤¤°µ°_¡A¹³¦¿±Ð±ÂÓ¤H©Î¬Oþ¤@Ó¨t©Î©Ò¡A¦pªG¯à¸I¨ì¨ººØ¦æ¬FªºÅé¨t¡A©ÎªÌ¬O»¡¡A¹ï¾Ç³N¬Fµ¦¦³¼vÅTªº³oÓ³æ¦ì¨Ó°µªº¸Ü¡A¬On¸I¹B®ðªº¡A©Ò¥H³oÓ¤@©wn¦³Ó¨ãÅé¡A¹³¥x¤j°µ³oӨƱ¡¡A´N¸ò°ê¬ì·|¨ä¹ê¬O¤À¶}¨Óªº¡C§Ú¨ì¥x¤j¬O¥©¦X¡A§Ú¨Óªº®ÉÔ¤w¸g¦b§@¤F¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¤w¸g³£¥u³Ñ¤U³Ì«áªº¤@ӲΤ@¡A¤j®a¯ó®×¥þ³¡³£¦n¤F¡A©Ò¥H¬O¥©¦X¡C¦³®ÉÔ¡A¥@¬É¤W¥©¦X¨Æ±¡¤]¤£¬O¨º»ò¦h°Õ¡I©Ò¥H¤@©wn¡A´N¬O»¡¤j®a¨CÓ¤H¦b¤£¦Pªº¤u§@Àô¹Ò¤¤¡A¯à°÷°µ¡A¦pªG¤O¶q¡A©ÎªÌ¬O»¡¦@ÃÑ¡A§Î¦¨ªº¸Ü¡A©Ò¥H´N¡K¡K ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^§Ú¦b·Q¡A¤]³\³z¹L±Ð¨|³¡ÅU°Ý«Ç¡A¦]¬°§Úı±o¶À¼e«¥ý¥Í¡A¥L¦n¹³º¡±µ¨ü¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¥i¬O¦]¬°¥L¤£¬O¤¤¤å¾Çªùªº¡K¡K ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¤¤¤åªº³¡¥÷¬OS»Ê¦p¦Ñ®v¡A¤]³\¤]¥i¥H½Í½Í¡A¦ý¬O³oºØ¦æ¬F³¡ªùªº§ÚÌ«ç»ò«ØÄ³¡H ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¥L̤]¨S¦³¸q°È¡A¬O§ÚÌ¥D°Ê¡A±µ³oÓ¾ô¼Ù¡A¦]¬°¦³þ¤@Ó©Ò¥X±¡A³£¬O¤£¦nªº¹À¡I°ê¬ì·|ªº¸Ü¡An¤ñ¸û¡K¡K ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¤£¹L±Ð¨|³¡§Úı±o¡A±Ð¨|³¡ÅU°Ý«Ç¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¨ä¹ê°ê¬ì·|¬O«Ü¤ä«ù³oªF¦è¡A¨S¦³¿úªº°ÝÃD¡K¡K ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^©Ò¥H§Ú»¡¤£¥u¬Oµ¹¸¥ý¥Í¬Ý¡Anµ¹³¯³Bªø¬Ý¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^¨S¦³¡C³¯³Bªø¤£·|¥D°Ê§r¡A¦]¬°°ê¬ì·|°ò¥»¤W¬OӾdzN¬Éªº¦Ûªv¹ÎÅé¡A³Bªø¤£·|¥hºÞ¦UӾǪù¡A¦UӾǪù¤£¥D°Ê¡A¥Lµ´¹ï¤£·|ºÞ¡A¦]¬°¥»¨Ó¹ï³oÓ°ê¬ì·|¸ò±Ð¨|³¡¤£¦P¡A¥L¤£¬O²Õ´¡A¥L¬O¦Ûªv¹ÎÅ骺¤@ÓÁp¨¹¡A¨º³Bªø¬Ot³d¦æ¬Fªº¡A¥LÁÙIJ¤Î¤@¨Ç¦@³q©Êªº³W«h¸ò¬Fµ¦¡A¥Lµ´¹ï¤£·|ºÞ¨ìÓ§O¾Çªùªº¨ãÅé¬Fµ¦¡A¬Æ¦Ü³sªÀ·|¾Ç¥L¦Û¤vªº¾Çªù³£¤£·|¥hºÞ¡A¦]¬°¬O¦Ûªv¹ÎÅé¡A¥L¬OÓ¦Ûªv¹ÎÅé¡K¡K ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^§Ú·Q§Ṳ́µ¤Ñ¤]®t¤£¦h¡A¬O¤»ÂIµ²§ô¡A¤£¹L§Ú·Q³Ì«á§ÚÁÙ¬On´£¥X¤@¤U»¡¡A¾ú¥v¾Çªù¡A¨ä¹ê¦³¤£¤Ö±q°ê¥~¦^¨Óªº¡A¤¤¤å¾Çªù¥u¦³¤Ö¼Æ¬O±q°ê¥~¦^¨Óªº¡A©Ò¥Hµ¥©ó¬O±q¤@ӫܪø¤[ªº¦b¦aªº¶Ç²Î¡A¦p¦ó¥h¦]À³©Ò¿×ªº¹³Ã¹ªL±Ð±Â´£¨ìªº¬ü°êªºª¬ªp¡A¹³§A³£¦³¦b°ê¥~ªº¸gÅç¡A©Ò¥H³oÓ½ÄÀ»¡A¤¤¤å¾Çªù¬On¥h¦]À³ªº¡A¦Ó¤£¬O»¡§An¤£nªº°ÝÃD¡A©Ò¥H¡A§Ú´Nı±o§ÚÌ´N´£¨Ñµ¹±Ð¨|³¡©Î°ê¬ì·|¡Aª¬ªp¬O¡A¦]¬°§Ṳ́¤¤å¾Çªù¤@¦Vªº²ßºD³o¼Ë¡A´N»¡§Ú̬O¤£¬On¦³¬YºØµ{«×ªº¦]À³¡H¨º§Ú·Q¦pªG¦³¹F¨ì³o¼Ëªº¤@Ó¦@ÃÑ¡A§A¥D«ùªº³o¤@¦¸ªº³oÓ°Q½×·|¡A´N¦³¥Lªº³oºØ°^Äm¡A§Ú·Q·N¸q´N¦b³oÃä¡A¦n¤£¦n¡H ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¤£¹L§Ú̳oÓ¤ñ¸û«nÁÙ¬O§Æ±æ¯à¹F¨ì¤@ӾdzN³W½d¡A´N¬O»¡þ¤@¨Ç°ò¥»ªº¡K¡K ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^§Ú̬O¬Y¤@ӾǪù¡K¡K§An¥þ³¡¡A¨º©Ê½è®t«Ü¦h¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¦n¡C¨º§Ú̳oÓ¤µ¤Ñ´N¨ì³oÃä¡A³Ì«á©O¡A¨ä¹ê³Ì«áªº«ØÄ³¨ºÓ¨ãÅ骺«ØÄ³¬O¥Ñ§A³oÃä¨Ó´£¥X¨Ó¡K¡K ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¨º§Ú·|Åý¦U¦ì¥ý°Ý°Ý¬Ý§Ú¡A´N¬O§ÚÌn´£«ØÄ³ªº®ÉÔ¡K¡K ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¨ä¹ê¤]¤£¤@©w¡A¦]¬°§Ṳ́w¸g°Ñ¥[¤F°Q½×·|§A¬O§a°Q½×·|¡A©Ò¥H¤]¤£nñ¦W¡A¦]¬°§Ú̦W¦r³£¦b¤W±¡A ¡]¦¿Ä_³¦¡^¦ý¬O§Ú¦Ü¤ÖnÅý¦U¦ìª¾¹D§Ú°e¤W¥hªº¬O¤°»ò§r¡A§Ú²{¦b·|worry¡K¡K ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¨ä¹ê¬O©Ò¦³¥un¶}·|°Q½×¹Lªº§A³£¥i¥H´£¡A¦]¬°§A¬O¥D«ù¾ãÓ·|ijªº¤H¡A§Ú̳£¬O¨ÓÀ°¦£ªº¡A©Ò¥H³Ì«á¬O¡A°£«D§A»¡§A¦Û¤vn¥Í¥X¨Ó¨º·íµM¨Ò¥~¡A¦ý¬O¦pªG¥un°Q½×·|¡A°Q½×¹Lªº°ò¥»¤W§A³£¥i¥H¦b³Ì«áªº¡A¦]¬°³Ì«á´£¥X¨Óªº«ØÄ³¡A´N¬O¤@Ó¤ñ¸û¨ãÅ骺¡A§Ú̦b°Q½×ªº®ÉÔ¬O¤ñ¸ûÀH¾÷ªº¡AµM«á§An´£¥X¨Ó´N¤ñ¸û¨ãÅ骺¡A¨º³oÓ´N¬O§AµªÀ³¥D«ù³oÓ·|ijªº¤@ӳ̫᪺¤@Óµ²ªG¡A©Ò¦³ªº°Ñ»P°Q½×·|ªº¦W¦r¡A°ò¥»¤W´Nªí¥Ü»¡¾ãÓ§A´£¥X¨Óªº¡A¨CÓ¤H³£¦³°Ñ»Pªº³oÓ·N¨£¡C³o¼Ë¤l´N°÷¤F¡C ¡]¦¿¡^¨º§ÚÁÙ¬Oµ¹¦U¦ì¬Ý¤@¤UÅo¡A¤£¹L§ÚÁÙ¬Onµ¹¤j®a¬Ý¤@¤U¡A»¡¤£©wþ¨Ç¬O§Ú¦Û¤v¥Í¥X¨Óªº¡C ¡]§õÂ×ÝÕ¡^¥i¥H§r¥i¥H§r¡C ¡]³¯®z¤ô¡^§Ú̳£¤£¤Ï¹ï¡C |